Joint Venture in the Construction Industry in Spain

Joint Venture in the Construction Industry in Spain An estimated 20,000 joint ventures have been formed worlwide over the past two years. Such strategic alliances can provide business owners with long-term security, new revenue channels, and , often, the anchor needed to maintain stability in otherwise turbulent waters. A successful joint venture can open the door to a wold of future partnership opportunities (Robert L.Wallace 2004) Factors now at play in our economy make it more feasible and more critical than ever for small business owners to leverage the power of joint venturing. These factors include: The emergence of the customer economy Advances in technology that have neutralized time and space contraints Change brougt on by shifting demographics More entrepreneur- and more oportunities- as a result of downsizing In the midst of these world-changing trends, what is often missing from a succesffull business strategy are the critical alliances and strategic partnerships that will help leverage the strenghts and minimise weaknesses. Forging joint ventures and strategic alliances will allow business to win millions contracts as the partner with large companies to offer with, breadth, and depth demanded in the marketplace. Done well, joint ventures provide both participating businesses with a chance to learn and benefit from each other, and to achieve results neither could achive alone. In this dissertation will be explained- how to enter into joint ventures well so a company can prosper in ways it never could by doing it alone CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Objectives of Dissertation 2 Contents 3 JOINT VENTURE EXPLAINED 2.1 Joint Ventures Explained 2.2 The Rationale of Joint Venture Formation 2.3 Joint Venture Formation 2.4 Management and Implementation LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Forms of Joint Venture 3.2 Motives of forming a Joint Venture 3.3 Selection of Partners 3.4 Preliminary Agreement and Negotiation Research Methodology 4.1 Research Approach 40 4.2 Research Ethics 41 4.3 Interviews 42 4.4 Survey 46 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Basic Conflicting Interests 5.2 Loss of Autonomy and Control 5.3 Findings CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES Chapter One Introduction and Objectives of Dissertation Introduction Business once grew by one of two ways: grass roots up, or by acquisition. Today business grow through alliances- all kinds of dangerous alliance, joint ventures, and customer partnerign, which by the way, very few people understandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Peter F.Drucker 2007) Experiences of joint venture management in the construction industry traced back to the early 60 ´s. It appears that characteristics of this industry favor the proposition of joint ventures formation. Although statistics are not available, this is obviously true in relation to the infrastructure development of Spain at the present moment The determination of the . 1.1 Objectives of Dissertation This paper attempts to review the existing literatures on management of joint ventures its merits and problems, particular issues arisen and suggested management techniques to cope with such obstacles in operating a joint venture. Interviews were conducted with two senior staffs of one of the partners of a joint venture formed by four construction firms. The joint venture is currently undertaking one of the Train Station Core Projects to be completed before July 2011. It is hoped that hand-on experiences of these senior staffs, at the level of Management Committee of the joint venture, as well as the operational level of the joint venture, would provide us valuable insight and opinion on the art of joint venture management, as a reflection and complement to the general review of the literatures. The key objectives are: To critically appraise the existing literature to Corporative alliances issues and the role of International Strategy in applying these issues. To establish the importance Strategic alliances with competitors in the international market. To evaluate the purposes of strategic alliances as well as to what extent might be successful a company. To determine other factors that influences companies in seeking Joint Ventures. To assess the sources of value creation. To study possible pitfalls in doing a Strategic Alliance. To draw conclusions upon a joint venture in a case study. 1.2 Contents In Chapter 2, the organization of interest is described in detail along with an explanation of its forms. In Chapter 3 the literature in relation to joint venture and strategic alliances in general and its application within the company is critically reviewed. Chapter 4 describes and justifies the research methods employed and includes a section on the ethical considerations of the project. In Chapter 5 the findings of the one-to-one interviews, In Chapter 6 the findings are analyzed and evaluated in relation to the published research literature. In Chapter 7 a joint venture framework for the SMART Services is presented along with a plan for its implementation. Finally, in Chapter 8 conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made for future work. A list of references is provided and the appendices contain pertinent information, documents (including, the survey questionnaire) and collated data. Chapter Two Joint Venture Explained 2. Joint Venture Explained A joint venture is the coming together of two (or more) independent business for the sole purpose of achieving a specific outcome that would not have been achievable by one of the firms alone. (Source: Wallace 2004) 2.1 The Rationale of Joint Venture Formation The form of joint venture provides benefits and a skeleton, based on which the management philosophy of the joint venture builds up. . (See Figure 1) Figure 1: Joint Venture. Business Benefit Source: Trendsetter Barometer, PWC In respect of share of management, there are dominant parent ventures, share management ventures and independent ventures. Degree of involvement of parents in these types of joint ventures differs, and in turn these joint ventures face different types of nature and management problems. At operational level, there are approaches of integrated structure and non-integrated structure. The nature of the business and the share of responsibilities in various aspects of the business will be the determination factors of choice Generally speaking, the choice of form of joint venture should be made in accordance to what contributions are required of the parents in order to achieve the purpose of forming the joint venture. Companies forming joint ventures basically intend to develop markets and products. Common reasons are: to suit government policies, pooling resources, risk sharing, building business relation and to reduce competition. The first step to form a joint venture, after realizing that such tactics is desirable, is to select a partner. Consideration on selection of partners concentrates on three major themes: shared objectives, mutual trust and co-operation, and abilities of the potential partners. Appropriate partners should be compatible in their objectives of forming the joint venture and their expertise/Knowledge on the business. Right partners also should possess similar management styles normally. Lastly it is important that potential partnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s real intention is realizes, to avoid future major disagreements. 2.2 Joint Venture Formation When the partners have reached initial agreement to form a joint venture, often a preliminary agreement is signed. It forms a basis for the drafting of the detailed agreement, and provide framework for the partners to work together and proceed to more detailed planning works. But subsequent negotiations following for the preliminary agreement often provide good chances for the partners to understand more thoroughly the expectation of potential partners. It is not uncommon that a final agreement cannot be reached because major conflicts are revealed in the process of subsequent negotiations after preliminary agreement. It is always intended to write agreements to cover all contingencies. But some managers consider that it is not so practically possible in view of the rapidly changing environments nowadays. Instead, emphasis should be placed on building up mutual trust and thus it is important to incorporate a sense of fairness into the joint venture agreement. Generally defined, well understood mutually, and respectful to each other ´s rights in return to their contributions committed. It is suggested that the best solutions should be an agreement covering all possible contingencies, together with the design of a flexible mechanism allowing changes to be agreed between efficiently while promoting cooperation and mutual trust. A very important aspect in drafting the joint venture agreement is the design of reward system for the partners. Pay-off in the form of product flow between the parents and the joint venture is often the source of major management problems and conflicts. Such product flow diverts attention of the parents from the joint venture ´s benefits. Again, fairness and willingness to co-operate are the keys to resolving such problems. If at all possible, market comparison is a useful guide to fix the transfer price in a fair sense. The primary concern of a partner in forming a joint venture is probably the degree of control over the business. In respect of split of ownership, majority-minority shares are sometimes preferred, as the majority of partner can act as leader for the joint venture and thus gives direction in a less ambiguous manner for the operation of the joint venture. On the other hand, come companies prefer equal shares to ensure willingness of all partners to contribute efforts as required and they may also feel more comfortable that all partners have equal statusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in the joint venture. Ownership distribution is less important than how operation control is actually apportioned. There is no rule on thumb on allocating operation control. General guidelines are that each parent should be motivated to make necessary commitments continuously in accordance to their abilities, and that each parent should be protected in its interests. To enhance long term co-operation, exploitation of other partner ´s interests must not be attempted. It must be emphasized that full equality in operating control requires much more efforts from all partner, and the joint venture would have to be operated in day-to-day on-going negotiations and compromise among the partners. 2.3 Management and Implementation Standard joint venture organization consist of two components the management board and operation organization. The management board is the highest authority of the joint venture. The composition of the board and jurisdiction of the board determine largely the share of power among the partners. To build an effective board, board members should be delegated enough and necessary authority by their own companies in making decisions and vote in the board. They should endeavor to maintain mutual trusts among the partners, to sustain the common goal and objectives of the partners and to the exercise effective control over the joint venture. This is better to clearly separate the operation organization independently from the management board, to avoid biases or perceived biases towards one particular partner. As mentioned earlier, staffing is a possible and often effective way of controlling the joint venture operations. But overact may generate resentment from other partners. It will be extremely difficult to build up cohesiveness of the operation organization from all the partners. The organization will possibly segregate into groups of their own companies. Theoretically, secondly is desirable only if considered necessary for the needs of the joint venture. Otherwise recruitment from outside can more easily maintain the independence of the operation organization. The joint venture manager is an important role, as the leader for the operation organization, the bridge between the child and the parents, and sometimes as the mediatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for the parents if disputes arose among them. He has to possess negotiation skills, people skills, and selling skills to bring together mutual co-operation form all parties concerned. He is often found to be involved in ambiguous relationship, with his sub-ordinates and supervisors, and wit the parent companies. In order to achieve his task of pleasing everybody and avoiding conflicts and tension between the parties concerned, he has to be highly tolerant and ambiguity. The joint venture manager should be loyal only to the joint venture, not to any of the parents. He has to be perceived as neutral, otherwise his opinions will never be convincing to other people. Biased loyalty of the joint venture manager will arouse other parents taking harmful measure against smooth operations of the joint venture. Being neutral is an important qualification of the joint venture manager in order to gain autonomy and trust, which in turn makes the joint venture more likely to succeed. The joint venture agreement implied an independent operation organization separated from the parents to be fully responsible for daily management of the business and that the operation organization enjoyed a high degree of autonomy. In practice, the independence and autonomy were granted to the operation organization, only if all parents, in particular the joint venture manager, will act truly neutral. Without such belief, parents were able to exercise disruptive negative measures to hinder the normal implementation of management for the joint venture operations. The case also supported that the quality if the joint venture manager in negotiation skills and human relations, and its relationship with the parents was a paramount importance of the success of the joint venture. A strong leader might be harmful for a joint venture, but a practical and flexible manager surely is very useful. Chapter Three Literature Review 3.1 Forms of Joint Venture 3.3.1 Share of management The fundamental question in management of joint ventures is the degree of involvement of partners in decision making processes on major policies as well as day-to-day operations of the joint ventures. In this respect, joint ventures are often categorized into three types: (Stephen I. Glover and Craig M. Wasserman 2003) Dominant parent ventures: in which management decisions are dominated by one parent, either formally by majority voting rights in all major aspects or informally by management settings to control key decisions makings without significant involvement from the other party. Shared management ventures: in which management of joint venture operations are shared between the parents, either shared by each providing resources in certain functional areas or shared by pooling resources at most levels of the joint venture operations. Characteristics of this type of joint venture are the necessity of frequent negotiation and agreement between the partners at most all levels and aspects of the business management. Independent ventures: in which parent ´s involvements in the management of the joint venture is very little, as it is left almost entirely to an independent group of personnel employed under the joint venture. The roles of parents are not too much different from shareholders, except that they may be providing other distinct types of resources as well as capital and there are only a few shareholders. Dominant parent ventures and independent ventures are thought to be more trouble free, as they require less interaction and thus less potential conflicts between the parents. However, there are no concrete evidence to suggest that these two types of ventures will be more likely to succeed than shared management ventures. Obviously the choice of joint ventures types is dependent on the situation and nature of the business and the parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s  ´characteristics. Circumstances often call for shared management but no other choices, simply because joint efforts are required to achieve what is intended. Pooling of resources, and thus a mixed input of management efforts from both parents, may be the fundamental desire of forming the joint venture. In such cases, dominance of one parent certainly cannot fulfil the purpose of the strategic alliance and the question is to overcome the difficulties of shared management on joint ventures operations. Legal Form In terms of the legal form of the joint venture, there can be three choices: (Dennis Campbell and Antonida Netzer 2009) Consortium: it refers to a grouping, formed on a one-off basis, which is governed by a contractual agreement. The contractual agreement is made to define clearly the position of each of the parents, including a specification of the authority, responsibility, liability and power of each party. Parnership: it can take a form of formal partnership. The parties are then effectively recognised in law as partners. The joint venture is considered as a business entity on its own, in legal terms, separated from the individual parties. As partners, each of the parties is legally liable for any debt or default committed by other partners on behalf of the joint venture, which may not be the case if formed as a consortium depending on details of the contractual agreement of constituting the consortium. Incorpotation: joint ventures which are intended to be a permanent business are usually constituted as an incorporate entity. This would enable the parties being insulated from the risks of the business of the joint venture, as a limited company. The major disadvantage is that the profit and loss sustained by the joint venture as incorporation cannot be set off against that of the parent companies for tax purpose. 3.1.3 Operational Structure The two extreme categories of operational structure of a joint venture are integrated joint venture and non integrated joint venture (Dennis Campbell and Antonida Netzer 2009) Integrated Structure: the parties agree on a certain proportion of capital and resources investment and a prescribed profit or loss sharing formula, and they both participate on every level of execution of the joint venture business. Non-integrated Structure: in such case, the joint venture usually provides for general management machinery, which looks after overall administrative and coordinative roles for the joint venture business. The whole business is then divided into packages or portions which are assigned to the parents to execute and operate such packages or portions as designated in the joint venture agreement (Appendix A) In practice joint ventures are usually a mixture of these two approaches. The question is the degree of integration to be adopted for the given set of circumstances faced by the joint venture. For that joint venture business that can be divided into clear cut portions and such divided portions will suit the capability and resources of different partners, non-integrated approach will usually be adopted. While the joint venture business is complex and it requires a centralised management of all aspects of the business, the management will be integrated. Integrated approach is more difficult to manage. Conflicting interests and ideas between the partners can arise more often than non-integrated approach. But it is often unavoidable as the nature of the joint venture business mar not is possible to be divided neatly into portions. On the other hand, for non-integrated approach, complicated contractual argument can arise between partners. In case of joint venture agreement in a basis of joint and several responsibilities, it is not uncommon that the partners lodge contractual claims against each other on non-performance or default of the other parties in executing their portion of the joint venture business resulting loss to the whole joint venture from third party claims. The Case Study The parents attempted to adopt a mixture of shared and independent management for the joint venture under study, as implied in the conditions of the joint venture agreement. The management committee of the joint venture, which was the highest level of decision making and policy setting, were composed of one representative each partner. In respect of operational structure, a mixture of integrated and non-integrated approach was adopted. While a separate joint venture organization supposedly independent from the partners managed and operated the whole joint venture business integrally, the project was divided into portions and packages which were then subcontracted back to the partners under the joint venture 3.2 Motives of forming a Joint Venture Companies forming joint ventures basically intended to develop markets and products i.e. to strength the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ existing business, to take the firms existing products to new market, to obtain new products that can be sold in the firm ´s existing markets, and to diversify into new businesses (Mark de Rond 2003) These objectives can be achieved through various ways, as shown in figure 1.1 But why choose a joint venture to try to achieve these objectives? Common reasons are: (Das y Teng 2000) Government Policies: because of licensing requirements of the government for undertaking a certain type of business in a country, e.g. for construction works in Spain many foreign companies may wish to form joint ventures with local companies who have the required licenses at hand in order to enter the market first, while they at the same time apply for the necessary licenses which may take months or even years in some cases. Many governments, who attempt to protect the development of certain industry of their countries, establish regulations that prohibit foreign companies to set up wholly owned subsidiaries. If foreign companies wish to explore the market of those countries, they have no choice to form joint ventures with local companies. Risk Sharing: in very large and risky projects that companies feel uncomfortable to bear but unwilling to give up the business opportunity, several companies share the risk by undertaking the project jointly. These risk may be commercial risks (finance, source of materials, technical uncertainties, etc) or political risks (change un government policies, unstable political status of the country, etc) Figure 1: Motives for joint venture formation New Markets Existing Makets To Take Existing Products To Foreign Markets Open Markets Closed Markets To Diversify into New Business Learning from your partner Learning with your partner To Strengthen the Existing Business Achieving economies of scale Acquiring technology Reducing financial risk To Bring Foreign Products To Local Markets Marketing and distribution Screwdriver assembly Developing local technology Technology flow back to parent Existing Products New Products Source: (Das y Teng 2000) Pooling of resources: companies often join to develop business that requires a combination of different resources (finance, technology, market access, local experience, etc) that none of these companies possess all of them, e.g. a combination of market access by one company and technical knowledge of a product by another, combination of different technical skills that are necessary to develop a product, or a combination of several companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"resources to achieve economies of scale. Building business relation: some companies form joint ventures with in order to build up wide business relations among the industry. They believe that this will enable them to widen their networks of business and that it may be helpful for their further business developments in long term. Reduce competition: joining with your competitor automatically reduce the degree of competition. This is particularly useful if there are only a few potential competitors only. It is not uncommon to find in certain industry that formations of joint ventures effectively create monopolistic or oligopolistic conditions. The Case Study In the construction industry inherent risks involved in the projects are the major concern of a company ´s business strategy. Sharing of commercial risks (financial burdens on the company, source of raw materials, technical uncertainty involved with the works) for large scaled projects is the major reason of forming joint ventures. Because of the huge amount of resources involved and the multi-disciplinary nature of the projects, pooling if resources from several companies is necessary to gain sufficient competence in order to tender for the works. Not a single company may have all the necessary skills and sufficient amount of resources that are required for those Train Station Core Projects. Formations of joint ventures become the most common tactics for the construction firms to undertake those projects. Political risk is also a major concern especially for foreign firms who are not familiar with the policies. Most foreign firms conceive that formation of joint ventures is an effective way of securing the safety of the business, particularly when undertaking infrastructure development projects of payment terms. Large construction firms (both local and international firms that were interested and had potential to undertake these large projects) gradually formed into groups of consortium to tender for these jobs. As a result, the industry transformed into competing allied groups, instead of competing among individual firms. Although such transformation might be unintentional at the time these companies first formed joint ventures, they now became aware of such advantage and might use this again as one of the useful tools in future when considering the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy competitions in the industry. 3.3 Selection of Partners 3.3.1The Criteria of Choosing a Partner Considerations on selection of partners concentrate on three majors themes: (Lynn Krieger 1991) Shared objectives Mutual trust and willingness to co-operate and Having necessary skills/resources The task is to find a compatible partner in respect of these three major themes. The right pair or group of partners often implies an asymmetry of partners, i.e. the right partners often have different quality and characteristics so that they will complement with each others on the need of the business. Basic consideration is whether the potential partner can provide what you need and the confidence of the potential partner ´s willingness to co-operate. They may not have the same objective but their co-operation should fulfill each other ´s objectives. They may not have the expertise on the same area, and they should possess different knowledge so that when combined together their competence will be strengthened. In fact two partners having expertise on the same area often is the source of conflicts as both will consider their own approach is superior without due respect on the other partner ´s expertise on the field. But right partners should desirably have similar management styles and outlooks so that their overall business strategy would go along the same direction. Otherwise, conflict on major business policy that is originated from the incompatibility of the partners expectation on what the joint venture should achieve eventually arise someday Lyn Krieger put forward two prepositions: The more similar the culture of firms forming a shared management joint venture, the easier the venture will be to manage. The more similar in size are the parents of a shared management venture, the easier the venture will be to manage. A significant size mismatch between a venture ´s parents can create a lot of problems for the venture. Culture here refers to both corporate culture and the culture of the country from which the firms are based. These propositions are based on the principle that managers, to be effectively working together, need to be able to evaluate each other ´s judgment and the way of working before they can build up a cohesive team. The second proposition is an extension of the first one as size of the company can contribute to difference in corporate culture. One should also be alert on any hidden agenda of your potential partner (Kathryn Rudie 2003). Confidence on the observation of your potential partner ´s real intention and objective to form the joint venture is a pre-requisite condition before a decision can be made on the choice of partners. The classic tragic case of Beijing Jeep is a good example of hidden agenda. Both partners did not spell out clearly their real intention of what was to be achieved, and both partners did not understand thoroughly the other partner ´s real intention before signing the joint venture agreement. Unreasonable conflicts arose not long after formation of the joint venture, when both parties realized that they were expecting something beyond the wishes of the other party. The tragedy ought to be avoidable if both parties made clear of their expectations before signing on the joint venture agreement. 3.3.2 The Process Selection It is suggested that a step-by-step approach should be adopted to develop relationship with potential partners (Kathryn Rudie 2003): Prepare a checklist desirable quality of the partner Searching out for potential partners based on the checklist Prepare proposals and issues to study and negotiate with the potential partner If possible, try out a joint venture of small scale before committing long term and large scaled joint venture business Theatrically, this process enables the partners to develop faith and mutual trust and allows better mutual understanding before placing large financial stakes on joint ventures with unfamiliar partners. Obviously, this takes a long time and in practice the ever changing business environment often does not wait for such long process of partner selection. Business opportunities simply slip away before the good partner relationship can evolve in this way. In real life, it is often founded that good joint venture partner relationship is assumed at the time of signing the joint venture agreement, and the assumption is often based on personal relationship between the CEOs of the companies. The Case Study Major consideration in selection of partners was what resources the partner could bring in to supplement his shortages and strengthen the competence of the company to successfully tender for the job. Reputation and track record in the international construction industry was the first item to check on, particularly as the potential partner was new-comers to Spain. It was admitted that the other partnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention of choosing the company was not fully known at the time of forming the joint venture. At that time, it was only understood that the company was chosen by other partners because of its local experiences in Spain and the feeling of political security that the firm could provide as a whole owned company. It was now gradually revealed that

Ww2 Introduction

Introduction World War II began on September 3rd, 1939, two days after Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany because they promised to help Poland if anything happened. From the end of the First World War, the Germans carried hate in their hearts for all Allied country leaders. This was because of a peace treaty called, â€Å"The Versailles Treaty†. The Versailles Treaty blamed Germany for everything. It allowed them not to have submarines or an air force.Land was taken away from them, and they were only allowed to have a small army. On top of it all, the Germans had to pay for all damages the war had caused and take full responsibility for causing it. The Germans thought this was really unfair, and never forgave their government for this. Most of them joined new parties that promised to get revenge. One of the party leaders was an ex-soldier in the German army who swore to destroy both Weimar Republic and the Versailles Treaty. His name was Adolf H itler. A HISTORY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY-BRYN O’ CALLAGHAN) When Hitler came into power, he started with creating a stronger, new and improved German army. Although the Versailles Treaty said that Germany should refrain from all of this, he still went on. He made weapons, build warships and even a German air force. The treaty also said that the Rhineland should be ‘demilitarized’ by the Germans. But in 1936, they marched into the Rhineland expecting a fight from either Britain or France. But to Hitler’s surprise no one tried to stop them.This gave Germany a boost of confidence that lasted throughout World War II. The League of Nations tried to prevent World War Two from happening but couldn’t, only made matters worse. Firstly, they couldn’t prevent a country from doing what they wanted. Secondly, if countries fought, the league could not do anything about it. Thirdly, Germany never liked them from the beginning. So if the Versailles Treaty m ade up the League of Nations, it was destined to fail. The treaty couldn’t keep tabs on one country, so how was it going to on many countries?

Changing Landscape of Health Care Essay

Health care will always be a revolving door of change, and growth. With today’s voice in patient population it has been easier to guide where health care needs to fix itself. Technology and health care has been a positive collaboration thus far. This paper will discuss the shifts taking place in the health care market, the current and a potential challenge, how health care is handling challenges, and how has marketing changed? The major shifts that have been taken place are the hands on approach patients have with their own health care decisions and progress. With today’s health care challenges of managing electronic health records in the patients hands, many medical technology’s have been an interactive play ground in the digital health care age. This then allows the patient to gain and have more control in their health care process. Patients are able to see what they need to accomplish to better their health, and it allows for the patient to make the necessary changes to better their health care needs. The current changes are the interactive approach that the patient population will now have with their electronic health record. This allows the patient to see their history and what predisposed disease’s they should test for. Potential changes I can see coming is being able to pay medical bills through the patient’s electronic health care record. With the new addition of mobile phone applications this can help the patient to become more involved in their health care status. The challenges in electronic health care records will always be the concern of patient’s records being breached. This causes major red flags in electronic records software, with many firewalls and virus detectors in the previous medical records breach. These challenges will always be a concern in today’s digital age. The United States health care system has been prepared for any hackers and or system potential failures. Health care organizations have come to an understanding in making  electronics health records a number one priority today. In future years I see health care becoming a strong and efficient system, it will have its moments of pitfalls, but with consistency and determination as a country and health care system the United States electronic health care system can become a strong candidate for a great health care system.

Ethics Value Theory, Normative Ethics, And Meta Ethics

The topic of ethics has always been up for debate. Ethics as defined by Landau is, â€Å"moral philosophy that focuses on the branch of knowledge of answering question on how we ought to live. (Landau)† In order to grasp a deeper meaning of ethics Landau focuses , â€Å"questions about what our guiding ideals should be, in what sort of life is worth living, and how we should treat one another† (Landau). The purpose of these questions allows society to focus the key points of ethics, hedonism, physiological egoism, ethical egoism, and divine command theory. The questions above drive three main recognized points in ethics: Value Theory, Normative Ethics, and Meta Ethics. Value theory raises the question, â€Å"What is the good life?† The good life is driven by what it that people have an intrinsic value for in life. Intrinsically valuable components are, â€Å"something that in it of itself makes a person better off† (Landau). Some might challenge that havin g whatever makes a person happy is falls under the category of being intrinsically valuable, but this is not true. For example, happiness could be tied to a feeling or sensation that makes a person â€Å"happy†. This can be seen in the idea of providing free beer campus wide at all times of the day. While although the action could make a person temporarily â€Å"happy†; providing alcohol at any times of the day in not intrinsically valuable because the consumption of alcohol in it of its self is not something that will a person better off in life. ThisShow MoreRelatedNormative Ethics: Society Determines What Moral and Ethical Act or Action is Correct and Acceptable1446 Words   |  6 PagesNormative ethics are those ethical principles and values that are considered morally correct and express principles of good character, actions that are viewed as right rather than wrong and are commonly accepted and reasonable. The prompt in this assignment refers to the requiremen t of â€Å"the existence of normative† requiring the practice of normative ethics in how individuals and society determine what moral and ethical act or action is correct and acceptable. Normative ethics embraces the philosophicalRead MoreEthics Paper1177 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Paper Week 1 Assignment Rheana Willis 01/08/2012 Dilemma Choice 2: A married couple, both addicted to drugs, are unable to care for their infant daughter. She is taken from them by court order and placed in a foster home. The years pass. She comes to regard her foster parents as her real parents. They love her as they would their own daughter. When the child is 9 years old, the natural parents, rehabilitated from drugs, begin court action to regain custody. The case is decided in theirRead MoreEthical Ethics And Normative Ethics1078 Words   |  5 Pagestwo questions are examples of why mete-ethics and normative ethics exist. To be able to create an environmental ethic, one must have a sense of moral conclusion. Whether these morals are categorized through self-interest or obligation, meta ethics and normative ethics try to decipher these notions. To derive a normative ethic, meta-ethics needs to explain the language of morality, and how do humans come to a consensus of specific actions and thoughts. Ethics, by short definition, is how we (humans)Read MoreMoral Realism And Normative Ethics1189 Words   |  5 Pageswould have several answers depending on who you asked. This simple question can be answered using philosophical ethics but more specifically meta and normative-ethics. Meta-ethics is understanding the nature of our moral thought and/or language whereas normative-ethics is evaluating the competing theories about what grounds morality. Here we will use the following normative and meta-ethics to discover how moral realism, moral anti-realism, and cultural relativism can all change what a person or aRead MorePHL 215 Version 6 Moral Social And Political Philosophy Matrix And Essay Parts 1 2 2 2993 Words   |  4 Pagessources) and list a minimum of three historical developments, theories, key contributors, and principal issues. Bullet point answers are acceptable. Field Definition Historical Developments Schools Of Thought Key Contributors Principal Issues Moral Principals of right and wrong in behavior and ethical code Good moral judgment, The philosophical study of moral judgments- value judgments about what is virtuous or base, just or unjustRead MoreDiscussion of The Issues Raised in Meta-Ethics Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesDiscussion of The Issues Raised in Meta-Ethics Ethics is the study of how people behave, and how they should behave. It is based on ideas of what is morally good. But, in order to understand ethics, a definition of good needs to be determined. Here, one sees that such ideas will vary from person to person and from culture to culture. Likewise, such ideas explain why there is such a variety of moral systems in use today and a marked difference in the level of commitmentRead MoreNormative Theories Of Ethics And Its Principles2769 Words   |  12 Pages Normative theories of ethics The area of philosophy which is concerned with systematizing, defending and recommendation the concepts of right and wrong is briefly defined as ethics. Thus, ethics can be consider as a set of moral rules practiced by a group of people or community. The origin of word Ethics is greece, derived from the word ‘ethikos’, meaning habit. The theories of ethics and its principles are the standing pillars of ethical analysis. These ethical theories are always aimedRead MoreCritique Of The Interview And Ethical Principle Discussed2056 Words   |  9 Pageson the Act on mandatory reporting but he based his decision on his own subjective judgment and suggestion of his colleaque. However this psychologist did the right thing by advising a colleaque and he did follow the B.8 .1 part of the APS code of Ethics where it says that a psychologist can collaborate with others and disclose personal information of clients with the purpose of benefiting the clients. Secondly, reporting such a case regardless of the fact that the wife of this man was trading drugsRead MoreCapital Punishment : Imposition Of A Penalty Of Death By The State Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesmethods such as lethal injection, electric chair, and even firing squad to make the process of taking another person’s life more humane. In the modern era, our generation is so diverse with so many contradictory beliefs. Countless questions and theories arise because capital punishment is such a delicate topic in today’s world. For example, should the state (government) be allowed to execute criminals? What is the problem with having the death penalty? Morally speaking, what should we do? TakingRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Morality1476 Words   |  6 Pagesuniversal on ethics and morality. Ethics among different cultures is so vast, even though every culture does have a standard for ethics which they live by. Although ethics is a broad human universal, there is no specific universal ethic. Each world religion holds a different ethic as their highest ethic; it is always a case by case basis. Theory: Ethics serve as an adaptive function in modern environment, more than ever. As society evolves, the standard of ethics also increases. Ethics is a trait

Generalized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad ) Essay - 2397 Words

Literature Review Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder in which an individual may feel persistent, excessive, and worry about everyday things that may not even happen. Individuals with this disorder may feel worry, excessive anxiety, and have thoughts of the worst even when there is no need for concern. A person experiencing GAD may expect a disaster. They may worry about their finances, money, health, family, work, or any issue that may come to mind. This disorder may be present when a person worrying increases on more days than one for at least six months. GAD can interfere with work, school, family, and even social activities. GAD can be diagnosed in adults when they experience at least three of the symptoms. These symptoms include restlessness or feeling on the edge, fatigue, difficulty focusing or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, pain in back or headaches, and sleep disturbance (ADAA, n.d.). According to the Mayo Clinic, genetics may play a role as well as other factors, but is not fully known. Some of the risk factors for GAD is personality, genetics, and sex. With personality, a person who is shy, have negative thoughts, or who avoids dangerous situations may be more prone to generalized anxiety disorder than others are. GAD may run in the family, thus being a genetic factor. Also, women are more prone to have GAD than men. The common two treatments for GAD include medication and psychotherapy. PsychotherapyShow MoreRelatedGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )1782 Words   |  8 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a mental disorder marked by extreme anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) over a period of at least 6 months. It is accompanied by at least three of these six somatic or psychological symptoms: feeling on edge, fatigue, problems with concentration, feeling irritable, physical tension, and problems with sleep. Allgulander2012 GAD pervasive cogn dysfunction w/focus on threat and risk tow indiv/family Tension worry muscle pain sleep dist irritability PsychRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )999 Words   |  4 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most diagnosed mental disorders today, and can often be closely linked to concurrent symptoms or disorders including physiological, behavioral, other anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse. (Merino, Senra Ferreiro, 2016) (Cacioppo Fregberg, 2013, p. 688). GAD most notably produces symptoms of excessive worry and anxiety related to non-specific risks, which often leads to functional decline both socially and professionally (Roberge etRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (Gad) Is Characterised By1404 Words   |  6 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterised by exaggerated and excessive anxiety and worry concerning everyday life events (Roemer, Orsillo, Barlow, 2002, as cited in Treanor, Erisman, Salter-Pedneault, Roemer, Orsillo, 2010). This can include; work, family, money and many other factors. Approximately 2% of the populat ion is affected by GAD (Stapinski, Abbott, Rapee, 2010, as cited in Burton, Westen Kowalski, 2015). GAD majorly affects the way people think, which can also resultRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad ) Affects Multiple Areas Of An Individual s Life929 Words   |  4 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) affects multiple areas of an individual’s life. GAD may co-occur with other disorders, impacting an individual’s social, personal, and professional life. GAD and MDD are closely connected to each other, and may co-occur. However, they each have their own distinguishing characteristics (Blanco et al., 2013). Moreover, rumination is considered to be a process of repetitive and negative thoughts (Valenas Szentagotai, 2014). Likewise a person experiencing ruminationRead MoreA Community Mental Health Team While Working With A Client With Generalized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )2459 Words   |  10 PagesHealth Team while working with a client with Generalise d Anxiety Disorder (GAD). GAD is a long-term condition that causes someone to feel anxious about a wide range of situations and issues, rather than one specific event. GAD is a common mental health condition affecting 1 in every 25 people in the United Kingdom, its prevalence is slightly more among women than men and individuals between the ages of 35 and 55 (NHSChoices, 2014). People with GAD feel anxious most days and often struggle to rememberRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )1790 Words   |  8 PagesPsych 201 Research Paper Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is diagnosed when a person stresses or worries excessively about their everyday problems for 6 months or more. This excessive worrying can cause many concerning physical symptoms. GAD affects about 40 million adults in America. GAD effects twice as many women as it does men. The disorder typically develops gradually, and can begin stage of life. The years of highest risk for GAD development, however,Read MoreThe Use Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )774 Words   |  4 Pagesan important part of anxiety disorder. They discussed the two different functions of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). There is the function were people can isolate due to their worries and anxiety. This is part of GAD that to me appears to be more common. GAD appears to be one of those disorders that can be minimized greatly by the public. In that sense it is close to the view on Depressive disorders; the person is just sad and they need to get over it. Anxiety Diso rders can be a similar viewRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Bryan Wood Abnormal Psychology Professor Powell April 14, 2015 Bryan Wood Mr. Powell PSY 322 April 14, 2015 Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) â€Å"During a panic attack, the first thing you want to do is get out of the situation that is causing it. However, since most professors find it disrespectful to leave during class, I had to sit for an hour and half in this agonizing state†¦It was as if I had terminal cancerRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder771 Words   |  3 Pagescountry are affected, it is estimated that â€Å"5% - 6% of teens ages 13-18 are affected by this troubling disorder, not including the teens that receive no treatment,† (â€Å"Generalized†). Youth that receive no treatment could be considered are under privileged. Meaning that they do not have the resources or are very limited to resources that could help them get the proper treatment for their disorder. Many of those adolescents are children that come from low income families, single family homes, or fosterRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Essay1085 Words   |  5 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder s Introduction to the paper Anxiety is a component found within many other mental disorders. The most common is depression. There are a number of anxiety disorders in the DSM, we will be looking at generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Generalized anxiety disorder causes one to worry and have anxiety about an event or activity that will most likely intensify and have a high impact on that particular activity or event. An individual diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder

The Gap in Social Classes in Detroit - 585 Words

With Detroit being the most segregated city in the country, the center with the richest business industries mixed along with the largest minority middle class anywhere, much controversy is occurring and it is causing many issues to the surrounding metropolitan area. Due to such a large gap in social classes, status frustration has led to a spike in racial tensions causing more crime. Because of this Detroit has become a main focus of many local news reports. Many Detroit residents are becoming upset with the fact that only negative reports have made the front covers of newspapers giving Detroit a false image. This has been proven true with many television shows, movies, and video game images. The previously aired show Detroit 1-8-7, an American crime drama about Detroit’s leading homicide unit, was taken off air because it gave a negative outlook on the Detroit area. The show’s producer, David Zabel stated that even though it was show about crime, there still was an opp ortunity to give the city positive light because of the heroic people that do fight for the city’s justice. After reading many commentaries on this show, the conclusion that the people of Detroit say the people of the city are not as â€Å"mean and violent† as the shows producers make them seem. In 1974, Detroit was given the nickname of â€Å"Murder City† after more than 700 homicides were committed. Since this is such a sensitive subject for Detroit citizens, one of the biggest issues withShow MoreRelatedThe Outsourcing Trickle Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesthird-world countries with job opportunities, but the United States’ markets and industries are greatly affected. Outsourcing is harmful to the United States’ economy because it paves the way for job losses, decreases product consumption, and widens the gap between the rich and the poor. With outsourcing, thousands of Americans are stripped from their jobs in many sectors of the industry, negatively impacting local, state, and federal governments. On average, these unemployed workers can only find newRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects1551 Words   |  7 Pagesfactors including media itself through unhealthy food advertising. The goal of this campaign is to increase awareness of childhood obesity and to encourage healthier diet among children in Detroit, Michigan. This campaign to address childhood obesity will target African American parents residing in the city of Detroit, with children ages 5-12. Media plays a crucial role in this campaign, because African Americans have demonstrated high usage rates of all media, and the current media framing of childhoodRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesconsisting of $528.5 billion for homeless programs (Romeo 1). The problem of homelessness and extreme poverty is not a new occurrence; but in past years more extreme measures have been taken to combat the issue as more people become homeless. Expensive social programs and housing developments for the homeless have been created to help battle the increasing issue. Homelessness is an expensive problem that will never end; furthermore, the condition of homeless people in America is affected by the type ofRead MoreChildren in Elizabethan England Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesWhen researching daily life in the Elizabethan Era, there were two prominent social classes throughout most of England. The upper or noble class families were akin to today’s upper class. However, the low-class families were much different from today’s low-class families. The gap between the two classes was so huge and a majority of England was impecunious. Most of the low class was orphans, abandoned wives, widows, the infirm, and the elderly. Each class, even the ones in the middle would despiseRead MoreWithout a doubt, professional athletics has a huge role in today’s society. In the United States,1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmechanism for social and economic upward mobility due to them being seen as a way to overcome poor education and get into college, overcome financial need and pay for college, and as an employment opportunity if graduating college isn’t seen as a viable option. A large influence that leads to the socialization towards sports of urban male youth comes from a poor system of education within their respective cities. When the systems of education in urban areas such as Detroit, Washington DCRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmass media. World War I, or the Great War, was one of the bloodiest wars of all time. It was a war sparked by militarism, alliance, imperialism, and nationalism. However it’s affliction laid the groundwork for post war prosperity. Nearly all social classes felt its benefits. Workers rights improved, taxes were lowered, technology advanced, and industry boomed. The war was brutal and the roaring twenties were a chance for the United States to put the past behind and enjoy the fruits of a new cultureRead MoreMy Current Field Placement And Area Of Interest879 Words   |  4 PagesACT (Assertive Community Treatment) is my current field placement and area of interest. The agency monito rs medication, coordinates and links clients to resources, assesses mental health, and assists in the planning and advocating for our clients social status, mental health and overall well-being for individuals with a severe and persistent mental illness (CSTS, 2011). With all of the great methods we use at ACT, we do not use any of the current information or techniques we have discussed this farRead MorePoverty Is The Outcome Of Economic Inequalities2049 Words   |  9 Pagesinequalities that are sustained by the social problems prevalent in our society. The lack of equal opportunities has created social margins where people in crisis are expelled to the economic edge. In a society where members are stratified by wealth and status, those who live in poverty are seen as deservingly powerless and ultimately abandoned to comply with their temporary crises as permanent. Economic segregation reinforces the unequal separation amongst social classes to keep the poor living in povertyRead MoreDetroit Essay3221 Words   |  13 PagesDetroit, once the New York City of its time, nick named the â€Å"Motor City† as it contained one of the leading car manufacturing centers of the automobile industry. As a metropolis for the first half of the twentieth century, Post World War II, Detroit became an economic fortress and focal point in American History. Detroit’s economic stronghold placed the city in a position that was once beneficial. From the surging employment opportunities perpetuated by the booming automotive market to the developmentRead More Children Immigrants Essay example2055 Words   |  9 Pageschildren were never educated. Italian children immigrants were rarely put through schooling. However, Eastern European Jewish immigrants looked at public schooling as their best way to help their children enhance their potential in life. Chicago, Detroit, and New York City had large populations of Jewish and Italian immigrants. The conditions of the chi ldren in all three cities were similar yet different with cities in which they lived in. Jewish and Italian immigrant children had to overcome many

Aeschylus And Euripides About Woman Roles Essay Example For Students

Aeschylus And Euripides About Woman Roles Essay Due to the fact of similarities between authors writing in the same place and time, we often make the mistake of presuming their viewpoints are identical on the given subject. It would be a mistake to expect Aeschylus Agamemnon and Euripides Medea to express identical views on the subject; each author had a unique way. The opinions of these two writers on this subject are actually different. Aeschylus plays revolved around ethics, and commonly he presented as objectively as possible, by asking the audience to judge the ethical questions for themselves. Agamemnon is not really about Agamemnon as much as is about Clytemnestra, his wife. Clytemnestra tells us early on that she has suffered terribly in her life, and mentions the loss of her daughter Iphigenia. Aeschylus has making us sympathize with Clytemnestra. After Agamemnon arrives, Clytemnestra treats him almost like a god, insisting on wrapping him in a huge royal robe as he descends from his chariot. Agamemnon protests that this kind of welcome is unnecessary, but Clytemnestra is insistent, and he finally gives in. Clytemnestra, however, has an another motive; she uses the huge robe to make it difficult for him to fight against her; as Clytemnestra later confesses, Our never-ending, all embracing net, I cast it/ wide for the royal haul, I coil him round and round/ in the wealth, the robes of doom Norton, 559. Once trapped, she stabs him three times. Killing a king is a very public act, and Clytemnestra makes no effort to hide what she has done. Rather, she comes out into the public square outside the palace, bearing the bloodstained robe, and tells the Chorus that she has killed their king, and why. Agamemnon had sacrificed his own child. Despite the fact that Agamemnon looked upon his deed as a public necessity, Clytemnestra saw her daughters death as a private loss, and consequently could not forgive it. The point is that Aeschylus has created a woman with whom his audience could sympathize, and whose pain felt real to them. This was no small effort, considering the fact that in ancient Greece women were looked same as slaves. Euripides, in writing Medea, presents women in a much different way. There is a similarity between Euripides story and Aeschylus; both Clytemnestra and Medea is strong, passionate woman who commit a horrendous crime. But then the similarity stops. In Agamemnon, we understand why Agamemnon did what he did, but somehow we feel that Clytemnestra was completely justified in planning ten years worth of bitterness against the man who killed her child. And under her circumstances, we completely sympathize with her desire to kill the man who separated her of the daughter she loved. Part of the reason we have so much sympathy for Clytemnestra is that Aeschylus presented her as a tragic character. We feel her pain, she does not seem insane to us. In the other hand, with Euripides Medea is the opposite. In the opening speech the Nurse warns us that Medea is dangerous; she is not presented like a suffering creature as much as the wrong woman to mess with. Later, the Nurse cautions Medeas children to stay clear of their mother for a while: What did I said, my dear children? Your mother Frets her hart and frets her anger. Run away quickly into the house, And well out of her sight. Dont go anywhere near, but be careful Of the wildness and bitter nature Of that proud mind. Go now run quickly indoors. Norton, 644 In the very next speech Medea curses her children, she is not a nice woman. .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .postImageUrl , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:hover , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:visited , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:active { border:0!important; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:active , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fear, Humility, and Courage in The Red Badge of Courage EssayThe reason why we can forgive Clytemnestra but not Medea is based in the innocence or guilt of their victims. Medea has killed her brother; she kills her husbands new bride; and later she kills her children. One cannot sympathize with these acts; they are all out of proportion to Medeas reasons for doing them; and they clearly show Medea to be out of her mind. But what does it say about Aeschylus and Euripides views on the role of women? Aeschylus would seem to have a much more open view of women, he gives Clytemnestra some credit. Moreover, he makes her sympathetic enough that even his audience would have understood Clytemnestras view, and excused her one-time intrusion into an area normally reserved for men seeking vengeance. On the other hand, Euripides seems to fear women, if his characterization of Medea is any indication. Medea is not the least human being; she is portrayed as if she were from another planet. She is barbarian, and what we would now call a cold-blooded killer. Euripides knows that most of the women of his people are not like that, but he is clearly responding to what he senses is the other. Because women are not exactly like men, he seems to be saying, they could be capable of doing something like these. Unfortunately, in Athenian society Age, there would seem to have been many people who agreed with Euripides than with Aeschylus. Women had no legal rights; their function, aside from motherhood, was to see that the home ran smoothly and the lives of their men were secure and comfortable. From this point, what is truly remarkable is that Aeschylus managed to make Clytemnestra sympathetic at all.