Generalized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad ) Essay - 2397 Words

Literature Review Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder in which an individual may feel persistent, excessive, and worry about everyday things that may not even happen. Individuals with this disorder may feel worry, excessive anxiety, and have thoughts of the worst even when there is no need for concern. A person experiencing GAD may expect a disaster. They may worry about their finances, money, health, family, work, or any issue that may come to mind. This disorder may be present when a person worrying increases on more days than one for at least six months. GAD can interfere with work, school, family, and even social activities. GAD can be diagnosed in adults when they experience at least three of the symptoms. These symptoms include restlessness or feeling on the edge, fatigue, difficulty focusing or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, pain in back or headaches, and sleep disturbance (ADAA, n.d.). According to the Mayo Clinic, genetics may play a role as well as other factors, but is not fully known. Some of the risk factors for GAD is personality, genetics, and sex. With personality, a person who is shy, have negative thoughts, or who avoids dangerous situations may be more prone to generalized anxiety disorder than others are. GAD may run in the family, thus being a genetic factor. Also, women are more prone to have GAD than men. The common two treatments for GAD include medication and psychotherapy. PsychotherapyShow MoreRelatedGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )1782 Words   |  8 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a mental disorder marked by extreme anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) over a period of at least 6 months. It is accompanied by at least three of these six somatic or psychological symptoms: feeling on edge, fatigue, problems with concentration, feeling irritable, physical tension, and problems with sleep. Allgulander2012 GAD pervasive cogn dysfunction w/focus on threat and risk tow indiv/family Tension worry muscle pain sleep dist irritability PsychRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )999 Words   |  4 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most diagnosed mental disorders today, and can often be closely linked to concurrent symptoms or disorders including physiological, behavioral, other anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse. (Merino, Senra Ferreiro, 2016) (Cacioppo Fregberg, 2013, p. 688). GAD most notably produces symptoms of excessive worry and anxiety related to non-specific risks, which often leads to functional decline both socially and professionally (Roberge etRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (Gad) Is Characterised By1404 Words   |  6 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterised by exaggerated and excessive anxiety and worry concerning everyday life events (Roemer, Orsillo, Barlow, 2002, as cited in Treanor, Erisman, Salter-Pedneault, Roemer, Orsillo, 2010). This can include; work, family, money and many other factors. Approximately 2% of the populat ion is affected by GAD (Stapinski, Abbott, Rapee, 2010, as cited in Burton, Westen Kowalski, 2015). GAD majorly affects the way people think, which can also resultRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad ) Affects Multiple Areas Of An Individual s Life929 Words   |  4 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) affects multiple areas of an individual’s life. GAD may co-occur with other disorders, impacting an individual’s social, personal, and professional life. GAD and MDD are closely connected to each other, and may co-occur. However, they each have their own distinguishing characteristics (Blanco et al., 2013). Moreover, rumination is considered to be a process of repetitive and negative thoughts (Valenas Szentagotai, 2014). Likewise a person experiencing ruminationRead MoreA Community Mental Health Team While Working With A Client With Generalized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )2459 Words   |  10 PagesHealth Team while working with a client with Generalise d Anxiety Disorder (GAD). GAD is a long-term condition that causes someone to feel anxious about a wide range of situations and issues, rather than one specific event. GAD is a common mental health condition affecting 1 in every 25 people in the United Kingdom, its prevalence is slightly more among women than men and individuals between the ages of 35 and 55 (NHSChoices, 2014). People with GAD feel anxious most days and often struggle to rememberRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )1790 Words   |  8 PagesPsych 201 Research Paper Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is diagnosed when a person stresses or worries excessively about their everyday problems for 6 months or more. This excessive worrying can cause many concerning physical symptoms. GAD affects about 40 million adults in America. GAD effects twice as many women as it does men. The disorder typically develops gradually, and can begin stage of life. The years of highest risk for GAD development, however,Read MoreThe Use Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )774 Words   |  4 Pagesan important part of anxiety disorder. They discussed the two different functions of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). There is the function were people can isolate due to their worries and anxiety. This is part of GAD that to me appears to be more common. GAD appears to be one of those disorders that can be minimized greatly by the public. In that sense it is close to the view on Depressive disorders; the person is just sad and they need to get over it. Anxiety Diso rders can be a similar viewRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Bryan Wood Abnormal Psychology Professor Powell April 14, 2015 Bryan Wood Mr. Powell PSY 322 April 14, 2015 Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) â€Å"During a panic attack, the first thing you want to do is get out of the situation that is causing it. However, since most professors find it disrespectful to leave during class, I had to sit for an hour and half in this agonizing state†¦It was as if I had terminal cancerRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder771 Words   |  3 Pagescountry are affected, it is estimated that â€Å"5% - 6% of teens ages 13-18 are affected by this troubling disorder, not including the teens that receive no treatment,† (â€Å"Generalized†). Youth that receive no treatment could be considered are under privileged. Meaning that they do not have the resources or are very limited to resources that could help them get the proper treatment for their disorder. Many of those adolescents are children that come from low income families, single family homes, or fosterRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Essay1085 Words   |  5 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder s Introduction to the paper Anxiety is a component found within many other mental disorders. The most common is depression. There are a number of anxiety disorders in the DSM, we will be looking at generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Generalized anxiety disorder causes one to worry and have anxiety about an event or activity that will most likely intensify and have a high impact on that particular activity or event. An individual diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder

The Gap in Social Classes in Detroit - 585 Words

With Detroit being the most segregated city in the country, the center with the richest business industries mixed along with the largest minority middle class anywhere, much controversy is occurring and it is causing many issues to the surrounding metropolitan area. Due to such a large gap in social classes, status frustration has led to a spike in racial tensions causing more crime. Because of this Detroit has become a main focus of many local news reports. Many Detroit residents are becoming upset with the fact that only negative reports have made the front covers of newspapers giving Detroit a false image. This has been proven true with many television shows, movies, and video game images. The previously aired show Detroit 1-8-7, an American crime drama about Detroit’s leading homicide unit, was taken off air because it gave a negative outlook on the Detroit area. The show’s producer, David Zabel stated that even though it was show about crime, there still was an opp ortunity to give the city positive light because of the heroic people that do fight for the city’s justice. After reading many commentaries on this show, the conclusion that the people of Detroit say the people of the city are not as â€Å"mean and violent† as the shows producers make them seem. In 1974, Detroit was given the nickname of â€Å"Murder City† after more than 700 homicides were committed. Since this is such a sensitive subject for Detroit citizens, one of the biggest issues withShow MoreRelatedThe Outsourcing Trickle Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesthird-world countries with job opportunities, but the United States’ markets and industries are greatly affected. Outsourcing is harmful to the United States’ economy because it paves the way for job losses, decreases product consumption, and widens the gap between the rich and the poor. With outsourcing, thousands of Americans are stripped from their jobs in many sectors of the industry, negatively impacting local, state, and federal governments. On average, these unemployed workers can only find newRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects1551 Words   |  7 Pagesfactors including media itself through unhealthy food advertising. The goal of this campaign is to increase awareness of childhood obesity and to encourage healthier diet among children in Detroit, Michigan. This campaign to address childhood obesity will target African American parents residing in the city of Detroit, with children ages 5-12. Media plays a crucial role in this campaign, because African Americans have demonstrated high usage rates of all media, and the current media framing of childhoodRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesconsisting of $528.5 billion for homeless programs (Romeo 1). 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Each class, even the ones in the middle would despiseRead MoreWithout a doubt, professional athletics has a huge role in today’s society. In the United States,1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmechanism for social and economic upward mobility due to them being seen as a way to overcome poor education and get into college, overcome financial need and pay for college, and as an employment opportunity if graduating college isn’t seen as a viable option. A large influence that leads to the socialization towards sports of urban male youth comes from a poor system of education within their respective cities. When the systems of education in urban areas such as Detroit, Washington DCRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmass media. World War I, or the Great War, was one of the bloodiest wars of all time. It was a war sparked by militarism, alliance, imperialism, and nationalism. However it’s affliction laid the groundwork for post war prosperity. Nearly all social classes felt its benefits. Workers rights improved, taxes were lowered, technology advanced, and industry boomed. The war was brutal and the roaring twenties were a chance for the United States to put the past behind and enjoy the fruits of a new cultureRead MoreMy Current Field Placement And Area Of Interest879 Words   |  4 PagesACT (Assertive Community Treatment) is my current field placement and area of interest. The agency monito rs medication, coordinates and links clients to resources, assesses mental health, and assists in the planning and advocating for our clients social status, mental health and overall well-being for individuals with a severe and persistent mental illness (CSTS, 2011). 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As a metropolis for the first half of the twentieth century, Post World War II, Detroit became an economic fortress and focal point in American History. Detroit’s economic stronghold placed the city in a position that was once beneficial. From the surging employment opportunities perpetuated by the booming automotive market to the developmentRead More Children Immigrants Essay example2055 Words   |  9 Pageschildren were never educated. Italian children immigrants were rarely put through schooling. However, Eastern European Jewish immigrants looked at public schooling as their best way to help their children enhance their potential in life. Chicago, Detroit, and New York City had large populations of Jewish and Italian immigrants. The conditions of the chi ldren in all three cities were similar yet different with cities in which they lived in. Jewish and Italian immigrant children had to overcome many

Aeschylus And Euripides About Woman Roles Essay Example For Students

Aeschylus And Euripides About Woman Roles Essay Due to the fact of similarities between authors writing in the same place and time, we often make the mistake of presuming their viewpoints are identical on the given subject. It would be a mistake to expect Aeschylus Agamemnon and Euripides Medea to express identical views on the subject; each author had a unique way. The opinions of these two writers on this subject are actually different. Aeschylus plays revolved around ethics, and commonly he presented as objectively as possible, by asking the audience to judge the ethical questions for themselves. Agamemnon is not really about Agamemnon as much as is about Clytemnestra, his wife. Clytemnestra tells us early on that she has suffered terribly in her life, and mentions the loss of her daughter Iphigenia. Aeschylus has making us sympathize with Clytemnestra. After Agamemnon arrives, Clytemnestra treats him almost like a god, insisting on wrapping him in a huge royal robe as he descends from his chariot. Agamemnon protests that this kind of welcome is unnecessary, but Clytemnestra is insistent, and he finally gives in. Clytemnestra, however, has an another motive; she uses the huge robe to make it difficult for him to fight against her; as Clytemnestra later confesses, Our never-ending, all embracing net, I cast it/ wide for the royal haul, I coil him round and round/ in the wealth, the robes of doom Norton, 559. Once trapped, she stabs him three times. Killing a king is a very public act, and Clytemnestra makes no effort to hide what she has done. Rather, she comes out into the public square outside the palace, bearing the bloodstained robe, and tells the Chorus that she has killed their king, and why. Agamemnon had sacrificed his own child. Despite the fact that Agamemnon looked upon his deed as a public necessity, Clytemnestra saw her daughters death as a private loss, and consequently could not forgive it. The point is that Aeschylus has created a woman with whom his audience could sympathize, and whose pain felt real to them. This was no small effort, considering the fact that in ancient Greece women were looked same as slaves. Euripides, in writing Medea, presents women in a much different way. There is a similarity between Euripides story and Aeschylus; both Clytemnestra and Medea is strong, passionate woman who commit a horrendous crime. But then the similarity stops. In Agamemnon, we understand why Agamemnon did what he did, but somehow we feel that Clytemnestra was completely justified in planning ten years worth of bitterness against the man who killed her child. And under her circumstances, we completely sympathize with her desire to kill the man who separated her of the daughter she loved. Part of the reason we have so much sympathy for Clytemnestra is that Aeschylus presented her as a tragic character. We feel her pain, she does not seem insane to us. In the other hand, with Euripides Medea is the opposite. In the opening speech the Nurse warns us that Medea is dangerous; she is not presented like a suffering creature as much as the wrong woman to mess with. Later, the Nurse cautions Medeas children to stay clear of their mother for a while: What did I said, my dear children? Your mother Frets her hart and frets her anger. Run away quickly into the house, And well out of her sight. Dont go anywhere near, but be careful Of the wildness and bitter nature Of that proud mind. Go now run quickly indoors. Norton, 644 In the very next speech Medea curses her children, she is not a nice woman. .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .postImageUrl , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:hover , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:visited , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:active { border:0!important; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:active , .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2 .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc84fa11911edbb3480312a8a536f63b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fear, Humility, and Courage in The Red Badge of Courage EssayThe reason why we can forgive Clytemnestra but not Medea is based in the innocence or guilt of their victims. Medea has killed her brother; she kills her husbands new bride; and later she kills her children. One cannot sympathize with these acts; they are all out of proportion to Medeas reasons for doing them; and they clearly show Medea to be out of her mind. But what does it say about Aeschylus and Euripides views on the role of women? Aeschylus would seem to have a much more open view of women, he gives Clytemnestra some credit. Moreover, he makes her sympathetic enough that even his audience would have understood Clytemnestras view, and excused her one-time intrusion into an area normally reserved for men seeking vengeance. On the other hand, Euripides seems to fear women, if his characterization of Medea is any indication. Medea is not the least human being; she is portrayed as if she were from another planet. She is barbarian, and what we would now call a cold-blooded killer. Euripides knows that most of the women of his people are not like that, but he is clearly responding to what he senses is the other. Because women are not exactly like men, he seems to be saying, they could be capable of doing something like these. Unfortunately, in Athenian society Age, there would seem to have been many people who agreed with Euripides than with Aeschylus. Women had no legal rights; their function, aside from motherhood, was to see that the home ran smoothly and the lives of their men were secure and comfortable. From this point, what is truly remarkable is that Aeschylus managed to make Clytemnestra sympathetic at all.

Status of women in ancient societies

In the ancient times, different communities had different ways in which they treated their women. In some cases, women were being treated in the same way as children while in others, they were given an equal treatment with their male counterparts. This depended much on the beliefs in the respective societies as well as the culture passed down over the generations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Status of women in ancient societies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the Ancient Egyptian society, women were treated in a totally different way compared to their counterparts in the Ancient Greece society. Women in Ancient Egypt enjoyed equality with men and were accorded the same rights especially in the economic aspects. This was not the case in Greece where there was a high level of gender inequality and women were treated as being lesser than men. In many societies, it was unheard of to hear of women who were all owed to stand on their own without the support of men. This used to happen in Egypt where women were allowed to own and manage property and in this case the term property included land, slaves, money, livestock and other portable products. With Greek women however, they could not carry out any legal activity or acquire property without the consent of a man. The designated males who would stand in for them were referred to as Kourios and this would be either the father or brother or husband. They would be the ones to sign these contracts on behalf of the women and in reality they would be considered the legal owners of the property (Blundell 1995, p34). While this was happening in Greece, the Egyptian women on the other side were even entitled to receiving inheritance from their parents under their own names and just like the modern woman; they were allowed to seek employment. In a marriage set up, women fully owned what they brought in though the husband had the freedom to use this property. The wife would also inherit two thirds of the entire wealth in case the husband died and the rest would be subdivided among the children and other relatives. From this therefore, we find that an ancient Egyptian woman was more or less treated like the modern woman of today unlike their Greece counterparts. Egyptian women were allowed to rule and this is evidenced by the artifacts and paintings from the ancient times. One such artifact is a drawing of Queen Nefertiti showing the Queen leading a convoy. This is an indication that the Queen was on the lead since the husband is seen immediately behind her.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact that she is also seen riding a personal chariot is an illustration that she was being accorded a lot of respect from the society. Besides this painting there is also a sculpture of Nefertiti’s burst which indicates the high status that the queen was given. This applied to all other women in the community since as a rule; women were to be respected, adored and admired. This explains even why they were able to rise to power in the first place. Egypt was renowned for having the first women leaders in the days when they were ruled by Pharaohs. In Greece however, things were different and this is also depicted in their artifacts and drawings. Women would never be leaders and their main job was considered to be that of bringing up children and tending to the the households. (Capel and Glen 1996 p12). They were given in marriage to their father’s choices of men irrespective of whether they loved the man or not. The place of women in ancient Greece is illustrated more clearly by the sculpture of Nikandre Kore from the Island of Delos. In this sculpture, there are inscriptions of the life of Nikandre but she is described in relation to the male figures in her life that is the husband, father and brother. Her personality is attributed to them and despite her attempts to make independent decisions, these were not recognized. This artifact is sufficient illustration of the treatment women were being given in ancient Greece in that they were denied the right to express themselves in who they were but instead they were being viewed through the eyes of the male figures in their lives. According to the Egyptian mythology, women were considered sacred and this explains the huge number of goddesses. Besides being given a high place in the society, they were also associated to issues of fertility and life bearing and barren women would seek their blessings in order to conceive. They would bring gifts mostly foodstuffs when they wanted to get children. The goddesses were given different roles depending on their lives on earth and the circumstances under which they died. In most cases however they were considered to be having the powers to protect and give life (Robins 1993, p10).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Status of women in ancient societies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An example of this is Osiris’ wife who is said to have been murdered by her brother and transformed to a goddess after that. She was renowned for blessing funerals but besides this, she would also protect the female species as well as give life to the barren. From this therefore we can deduce that even in Mythologies, women were still accorded high respect hence given such dutiful responsibilities. The Greek mythologies also recognize women unlike the Ancient practices. One of the greatest figures in these Myths was Artemis the goddess of children and hunting. She was a strong woman who dared ask her father never to force her into marriage. Artemis was a strong figure and she was known for revenging in very crude ways. from this, we can tell that she was feared since her actions always caused an irreversible damage. This means that being a woman; she did bow to the pressures of the society but her way through life and eventually emerged as a strong goddess. At some point it is said that a certain hunter happened to see her when she was naked and the result was that he was transformed to a deer and his own dogs instructed to eat him up to pieces. This shows a lot of supernatural powers which men bestowed on the women in Myths despite the low status they placed them in reality. As a conclusion therefore, we can deduce that the Mythical treatment of Women is almost similar to the both the Greek and Egyptian culture, despite their differences in real life situations. Works Cited Blundell, Sue. Women in Ancient Greece. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1995. Print. Capel, Anne K, and Glenn Markoe. Mistress of the House, Mistress of Heaven: Women in Ancient Egypt. New York: Hudson Hills Press in association with Cincinnati Art Museum, 1996. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Robins, Gay. Women in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1993. Print. This essay on Status of women in ancient societies was written and submitted by user Ricardo Strickland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Charles Darwin and Herbert Spe essays

Charles Darwin and Herbert Spe essays Charles Darwin, a British naturalist, revolutionized biology with his theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. Herbert Spencer was the major philosopher of biological and social evolution. Spencer's work significantly influenced 19th century developments in biology, psychology, sociology and anthropology. While Darwin was influential in the fields of natural history and geology, his theory of evolution created great controversy. He changed the way people thought about the role of humans in the natural world. Although these two men made advancement in the theory of evolution they had contrasting views regarding anthropological study. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who first solidly established the theory of organic evolution, in his work, The Origin of Species. Darwin was born in Shresbury, Shropshire on February 12, 1809. His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was a famous English scientist and poet. In 1825 the young Darwin went to Edinburgh University to become a doctor. The same year, however, he transferred to Christ's College in Cambridge in order to become a clergyman. During this time he befriended a man of science, John Steven Henslow. It was Henslow who recommended him for the unpaid position of naturalist on the H.M.S. Darwin set sail on December 27, 1831 to study the Pacific coast of South America and the Pacific Islands. His other duty was to set up navigation stations in the area. He also studied the geology and biology of these areas. Upon his return in 1839, Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgewood, and was admitted to the Royal Society. He moved to Downe, Kent in 1842, and was plagued by ill health until his death. He apparently transmitted Trypanosomiastis from frequent bug bites in the Pacific. Darwin died on April 19, 1882 and was buried In The Origin of Species, Darwin presented his idea that species evolve from more primit...

Dorudon - Facts and Figures

Dorudon - Facts and Figures Name: Dorudon (Greek for spear-toothed); pronounced DOOR-ooh-don Habitat: Seashores of North America, northern Africa and the Pacific Ocean Historical Epoch: Late Eocene (41-33 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 16 feet long and half a ton Diet: Fish and mollusks Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; distinctive teeth; nostrils on top of head; lack of echolocation abilities    About Dorudon For years, experts believed that the scattered fossils of the prehistoric whale Dorudon actually belonged to juvenile specimens of Basilosaurus, one of the largest cetaceans that ever lived. Then, the unexpected discovery of unmistakably juvenile Dorudon fossils demonstrated that this short, stubby whale merited its own genusand may actually have been preyed on by the occasional hungry Basilosaurus, as evidenced by bite marks on some preserved skulls. (This scenario was dramatized in the BBC nature documentary Walking with Beasts, which portrayed Dorudon juveniles being gobbled up by their larger cousins). One thing that Dorudon shares in common with Basilosaurus is that both of these Eocene whales lacked the ability to echolocate, since neither of them possessed a characteristic melon organ (a mass of soft tissues that acts as a kind of lens for sound) in their foreheads. This adaptation appeared later in cetacean evolution, spurring the appearance of larger and more diverse whales that subsisted on a wider variety of prey (Dorudon, for instance, had to content itself with presumably slow-moving fish and mollusks).

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) Essay

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) - Essay Example The strength of mine includes the ability to think logically, which gets reflected in my Mathematical ability. That is, I was able to think logically from childhood because of which I was able to all the Math sums without difficulty. Even though I had good teachers to help me in Math, did all my homework and had a good friend circle to discuss about mathematical problems, I think having a logical mind helped me to shine better in Math. This ability in Math continued in the higher class as well. Apart from the ‘logical’ reason, I was interested in Math because of its image of being the Universal language. That is, there will be countries in which some languages will not be spoken, but Math will be there. For example, Zulu will not be spoken, may be in Vietnam, but simple additions to high-level calculus will be practiced or calculated there. So, my interest and strength is, my ability to do Mathematical sums with ease. Another strength of mine is my ability to motivate my friends in all the situations, with the aid of my communication skills. My communication skills has been put to effective use on several occasions, when I had been asked to make presentations to fellow students and other audience members. Weaknesses will always blocks one’s targets. The problems area, which I consider as my weakness, is my fluency in English. Being from South Korea, my English is not that perfect, because of my mother tongue influences and due to lack of English speaking environment. With the daily conversations with my family members and friends always happening in Korean, I got little opportunity to use and converse in English. This affected my speaking and writing skills in English. So, when compared to my college mates, my English is little weak. The weaknesses, I discussed in the above sections can be addressed by me, if I put in the efforts, and also due to the changed environment of being an International Student. My English

Future of Food Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Future of Food Supply Chain - Essay Example n will collect more information and data from their suppliers, including the farmers, so that they can serve the internal demands related to risk assessment, strategic decision-making and the monitoring of progress towards future-looking targets (Mattoo, Mishra and Narain 56). The forces shaping the food supply chain, which will greatly influence the systems of the future, include dependency on ecosystem services, forest footprinting, and the production of greenhouse gases – irrespective of the fact that the different players within the supply chain will employ their methodologies across the varied business areas (Marsden, Banks and Bristow 426-427). Some of the companies that have been acting in ways that are similar to the outlook of the future food supply chain include LEAF and Landcare as well as commercial players like Unilever; these companies have been gathering information about the sustainable nature of their supply chains, which has helped them to make strategic deci sions (Fafchamps, Vargas-Hill and Minten 257). Farmers will need the information required to support the changes that will make their production more attractive in the market. Further, the end consumer will exercise more control over the production systems and the technologies of the producer, due to changes in preferences and lifestyles – among them the increasing demand for organic foods. The power of farmer groups and Land-management The flow of knowledge, on itself is not sufficient to ensure hat farmers and other players within the supply chain improve their output, efficiency in the use of resources and quality (Marsden, Banks and Bristow 426-427). Regulatory, cultural and organizational changes will become more necessary, in fostering the implementation and the maintenance of positive... This report approves that the future of the business of farmers will represent the outlook of the Farmer Field school movement, which offers training to farmers and allows them to experiment on their own farms, and then group together to chart the way forward for their farming outlook. Through the grouping of farmers into groups, there will be a more strategic realization of strategic partnerships between them and the companies that consume their produce. One example of such a strategic partnership is that of Unilever and its suppliers – the company has strategically positioned itself with the primary processor suppliers. Some agencies that are already studying the system applied to agriculture and their impacts include LCA. Irrespective of the fact that innovation in agriculture is difficult, the future outlook of the members of the supply chain will be more conscious of the changes of land use required.The different areas that will be explored at greater depths include food safety, water footprinting, social impacts, biodiversity, and legality. This essay makes a conclusion that world business and economics are changing swiftly, and that is calling for the constant improvement of the food supply chain. The changes anticipated in the future supply chain include improvements in information and knowledge flow, the increasing command of farmer groups and Land-management and innovating according to market needs. Many of the supply chain changes anticipated for the future are evident from the business of Wal-Mart, which uses IT to monitor its supply chain from the store to the farm.

Communication system Essay Example for Free

Communication system Essay Use and develop systems that promote communication 1. Be able to address the range of communication requirement in own role 1. 1 Review the range of groups and individuals whose communication needs must be addressed in own job role. Working within Surestart I work with many groups and individuals whose communication needs must be addressed which include 16 staff members, services users to date we have 1700 families registered with Surestart. We would have a lot of communication with Health visitors regarding referrals that they have sent in and also follow up telephone calls if there is any concerns with the family. I would also have contact with social services and be asked to attend case review meetings. I would also be expected to communicate with other agencies to refer our service users on the appropriate agencies for example other children centres, counsellors, women’s Aid and Hidden Harm Social worker, 1. 2 Explain how to support effective communication within own job role Effective communication and interaction play a very important role in the work of everybody that works within Surestart. I feel that how I support effective communication is by setting a good example to staff. With communication been so important for the day to day running of the centre, each staff member would be asked to write in the diary in the main office so people can know where they are (this is for the save guarding of staff if they are out of the office, lone worker policy) There is also a white board in the main office so when staff are in programmes other staff are aware of this and that the parents/baby room are booked. I would also support communication by attending staff meeting ever second week and staff are told that they must attend once a month. There is also an open door policy as sometimes there is information that staff do not want to share in a team meeting as there maybe difficulties within the team and they would like to share information on a one to one basic. 1. 3 Analyse the barriers and challenges to communication within own job role The barriers and challenges that I would face is staff working part time, staff out doing programme and also may be difficult feeling between staff members. The other barriers and challenges that I would face is staff do not take on board what you are saying to them as they feel they are right so they do not even listen to what you are trying to explain. Some people may pick you up wrong on the information you are trying to get across. 1. 4 Implement a strategy to overcome communication barriers Make sure I speak very clear, focus on what information I would like them to take on board. Supervision on a monthly basis, open door policy if anyone has a problem they can talk about it. Staff can ring and send emails at any time. The childcare supervisor meets with the childcare team every morning to make sure that all creches have enough staff and if they have any concerns regarding the children. There is also a referral meeting once a week where we discuss the referral that health visitor/social workers have send in and also to discuss and concerns we would have regarding the parents. I also send rely slips to social worker / health visitor to let them know if a home visit has been completed or if we have been unable to contact the family. Use different means of communication to meet different needs I am aware that each staff member has different learning styles, some staff like sharing information in a group and other staff like to share information in a one to one. It is also very important for me to take this on board as I do not want any member of the team feeling frustrated and ineffective. I want staff to be able to trust me and let them see that I value the work that they do. The different means of communication I use to meet different needs are. Emails are a very effective means of communication as each staff members gets the information at the same time and not second hand. Emails can be sent at any time and also printed out to file or record information that has been sent or received. Team meeting again are a very good as all staff are getting the same information and this is a nice way for other staff to meet and let everyone else know how things are going and if anyone is finding a family or child difficult then there is the support of the whole team for ideas of how to handle a situation. If anyone cannot make it then the team minutes are there to read. Telephone if I am not in the office I can still be reached on my mobile if anyone needs anything. Health visitor/Social worker would also contact me by telephone if they needed an update on a family. Staff diary in the main office this lets staff members know who is in which room and if anyone is on leave or sick or if someone has an appointment. Sign in and out sheet beside the exit door this is for safety reasons as if there was a fire in the building then I would know who is in and out Reply slips are back to the health visitors/social worker as an update for the referral they have send in. Letters to parents this is to invite them along to programmes/events. Thought-out the year I would facilitate information mornings for breastfeeding support, weaning work shop and feeding for under 5’s this would be to share information to welcome new service users to the Surestart. Face to face, my office is open to all staff at any time if they need to talk about anything. CU2941 Use and develop systems that promote communication 2. Be able to improve communication systems and practise support positive outcomes for individuals 2. Monitor the effectiveness of communication systems and practices. The diary in the front office if very effective for staff on home visit as we know where there are for their safety (lone worker policy). white board in the main office is very effective as this is where all staff write down their programmes so if there is any phone calls for staff the secretary knows if they are in the office or in programmes. Emails can be sent at any time and it means that the same information is been told to the staff at the same time and it is also the staffs responsible to pick up their emails. The childcare supervisor meets with the childcare staff each morning I feel that this is very effective as this is in place to make sure that all rooms are covered with their ratio, and most importantly that the needs of the children are met and if there is any problem in any of the setting it can be addressed as needed and that staff do not have to wait 2 weeks for a team meeting to discuss. One to one communication i. e. Supervision and APR, I feel that this is very important within a setting. N-Drive this is where documents can be saved and all staff can access it. In our office we have a policy of hot desking so documents can accessed at any computer. This is also for Surestart forms and newsletters so all staff can print them out as needed. Reply slips to health visitors/social worker/other agencies this is where I reply to any referral letter that the project receives, I would reply to the other agencies if this family had received a home visit and services offered, if I was unable to contact the family for different reasons or if the family did not want to avail of Surestart services. Phone if I cannot be reached at any time then a message can be left for me to return there call. 2. 2 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing communication systems and practice Evaluating the effectiveness of existing communication systems and practice I am going to start with the ones I feels are the most effective. One to One Communication I feel that this works very well within a team as some staff members do not like to speak in front of other and feel that their ideas might not be good enough. I also feel that face to face communication is very effective as some people can pick up a message wrong and take the wrong tone with an email. Supervision this is there for staff to talk confidently with their manger I feel that this is very effective means of communication for the manger to tell how well things are going for that member of staff and for the staff member to say how they really feel about how things are going. ( I also feel that you have to have a good relationship with your staff for this to work, you have to be relaxed and friendly and staff members also have to trust you). Supervision is also very effective as this give staff clear boundaries of what is expected of them for the month a head and also make sure they are on target to achieve the targets in their APR. Team meetings I also think this is effective as this can let everybody know how programmes are going if there is any follows to do with families in any of the programmes. If anyone is having any difficulties if any of the programmes is nice to get other ideas how to deal with it. It is also there for sharing information for the Surestart board and action for children. To let staff know what training is coming up. ARP- I have been working in a Surestart setting for the last 11 years, I feel that this is the first year I have felt that an APR has been effective like the rest of communication systems if it is not done right then it will not be effective. APR is there to set goal and targets for the year ahead, I feel this is very important for staff as they know what is expected of them for the year ahead and then this is monitored at each supervision to make sure that staff in on track with their targets. Childcare meeting every morning I feel that this is very effective as each member of the childcare team no where they are each day and who is covering in each setting and also if any member of the childcare team is concerned about a child this is discussed each morning. Emails- I feel has pro and con. It is very effective in a way that emails can be sent at any time and is very good for all staff to receive the information at the same time. I also feels that staff can pick the tone of emails up wrong and some information is best said face to face. Reply letter to health visitors/social workers/other agencies I feel that this is a very effective The diary in the front office This is effective if everyone plays there part in filling it in. If someone is on training or off on A/L and forgets to fill it in then it is very hard for other staff to know where they are. N-Drive This is effective as all the Surestart form and standard letters are on it as well as newsletters. It is also that as this is used while hot desking it means that the documents that are placed on this drive can be accessed by the whole team so if I was saving any confidential information I would also password protect it. Phone I do feel that this is effective as if I am not available by phone or mobile then a message can also be left. 2. 3 Propose improvements to communication systems and practices to address any short comings I feel that communication can always be improved as we are only human and staff do forget to pass on messages, response to emails, and even fill in the diary in the main office. I have proposed that each desk has message pad so that all messages have to written down. I have proposed that the main diary is to be brought to the team meeting so that if anyone has any leave booked, any visits arranged or training then this can go into the diary. I would also remind everybody at team meeting about remembering to fill in the diary I have also propose that the reply slips to the health visitors/social workers be changed as I feel it could be improved. 2. 4 Lead the implementation of revised communication system and practices CU 2941 Use and develop systems that promote communication 3. Be able to improve communication systems to promote partnership working 3. 1 Use communication systems to promote partnership working The systems that we use to promote partnership working is: One to one communications I meet with the health visitor for breastfeeding once a week. Also any of the health visitors are welcome to call in at any time. Some health visitors like to bring parents that are hard to engage into the centre to meet me to show them around the building and meet the staff. I would also have contact face to face with our families on a daily basis through programmes and also registrations. Phone call health visitors/social services and other agencies would phone for update and regarding case review meetings. Families would also phone on a daily basis if they needed help with anything or information. Post we post letters to the agencies if we are unable to reach the families or if they no longer wish to be involved with the service. I would also post letters and newsletter to families. Emails some agencies like to send email as it is a faster way for them and this is ok with me as long as it is recorded. Referral reply this is a letter drawing and signed by Surestart parents that we have permission to send it back to the health visitors to say we have been in contact and the Surestart services have been offered. Information events this is different events for Surestart to promote their services 3. 2 Compare the effectiveness of different communications systems for partnership working I feel within waterside Surestart the systems we use are very effective. One to one communication I feel is very effective as this can reassure service users and colleagues and also outside agencies, you can focus on the goal. I can be supportive and positive to all that need it. I can also assess the services users’ needs and provide them with the support needed and I also feel that this builds trust and relationships. Phone call I feel that this is a very effective way of communicating as some health visitor/social worker/other agencies need an update ASAP as they may be on their way to a review meeting. All if a member of staff is not on the office this is a good way of communicating. As my role as family support worker I be in contact with families every day on the phone, may it be they have a question or I am inviting the families to programmes or arranging home visits. Emails This is a very effective way that I communicate in Surestart, supervision notes to be sent 3 says before supervision, team meeting are to be sent and read before the meeting. Agencies are able to send emails / newsletters Referral Response I feel that this is a very effective way that Surestart communicate. This is send to health visitors/social workers who send in a referral this is to show the agencies that we have made contact with that family or that we have tried to contact the family and after 4 weeks we are unable to reach them. Information events I feel that this is not really effective as we work on catchment areas and this is very hard to have an event in a general area, it has to be within the area, as we do not like to turn people away that may be interested in the service, as when agencies send in referrals they have a list of streets that is inside the catchment area and only if there is a need then they can be outside the area. Propose to improvements to communications systems for partnership working I do believe that communication within waterside Surestart has got a lot better in the last year, I feel that this has a great deal to do with our new manager, she has gained the trust and respect of the staff and in return it is a pleasure to work with. I feel that I have a great leader to follow and learn a great deal from. The only improvement that could be made is that a leaflet could be drawn up for families that are outside the catchment area so that they leave with something rather than going away with no information (this is in the process on being done). I am also assisting the upgrade of the referral response form so that families sign this form so that we have permission to hold their information and that we are allow to send the form back to the referrer. CU2941 Use and develop systems that promote communications 4. Be able to use systems for effective information management 4. 1 Explain legal and ethical tensions between maintaining confidentiality and sharing information Working with in a Surestart setting for the last 11 years, I know that confidentiality is very important. It’s important for agencies and services users to build a trusting relationship with me. I am very honest with the people I work with, when I am completing a registration form with parents I do tell them that their details will stay in a locked filing cabinet for 7 years, that there information is stored on a database password protected until there child/ren turn 4. I also let the parents know that under the data protection act they are able to see their file at any time. Parents also sign a form that we are able to share information with the health visitor and other agencies involved if we have any concerns regarding the child or parents. When I have taking programmes with parents I also start with group rules. Confidentiality always comes up, I always tell parents that whatever is discussed at the group I do not take it outside of the group, I can only speak for myself but that I would hope that everyone would stand by this too. I also always make it very clear to parents that if anything is discussed or disclosed any information regarding harm or danger or abuse to a child/ren then I will past this information on to my manger and the appropriate authorises. I feel that if I am honest with all the people that I work with then I do believe that you build up a trust and that by law I have to report and record all that is disclosed to me, although I did have a parent in the past that did not understand this, they felt that I was just reporting them to social services and she believed that social services where there to take her child away. This lady did not return to Surestart as what she disclosed I had to discuss with my manger. Analyse the essential features of information sharing agreements within and between organisations Under the data protection act 1998, the purpose of the act is to protect the rights and privacy of individuals and to ensure that data about them are not processed without their knowledge and are processed with their consent whenever possible, this act covers personal data held in electronic formats, manual data and relevant filing systems. Surestart has devised a form that has recently been updated by my colleagues and myself, this form is where we get service users to sign that they agree Surestart is able to keep their details in a secure place for up to seven years, and that if we had any concerns regarding the child that we would contact the appropriate service also that if there is a social worker involved that we are able to update them on any programmes they attend for case review meetings. Health visitors would send in referral form with parent’s consent, what happens is we then phone that family and do a home visit and in that visit we fill out the Surestart forms with the families details on it, the consent for is then signed and sent back to the health visitor to say we have completed a visit this is what programmes they would like to attend, I would also send back a form to the heath visitor if that family did not wish to avail of Surestart services or that I could not reach them. These forms are kept with the registration and filed in a locked cabinet. When I am facilitating a programme within Surestart I always do group rules, parents can put what they like on it, confidentially always comes up, I just remind parents that what happens in the group will stay in the group with me, but I can only speak for myself and not the rest of the group and I do tell them that It would not be nice to hear anyone talking bad about another parent. I do inform the parents that if there anything disclosed within the group that has caused abuse of harm to a child them I am bound by action for children policies and procedures and under the children order act 1995 to past this information on to my manger and the appropriate services, I do tell the parents that I would discuss this with them before I reported what I have heard. Demonstrate use of information management systems that meet legal and ethical requirement Under the data protection act 1998 Surestart need permission to hold data on the families that I work with, how this is done  is that all parents have to sign the registration form and also the consent for their details to be stored according to action for children policies and procedures, which is that their details are stored for up to seven years, in a locked filing cabinet and up to four years on the Surestart database. Under the children’s order 1995 I am bound to report anything that I have heard or seen that my or has caused harm to a child. This would also be discussed with the parent/s what information I would be passing on to my manger. This also gives the parent an opportunity to explain. The information my lead to a referral been made to social services.

MacBeth is Responsible for His Downfall Essay -- Macbeth essays

MacBeth is Responsible for His Downfall    There were many wrongs committed in "MacBeth." But who should bear the major responsibility for these actions? The witches' prophesising? Lady MacBeth's scheming and persuasion? Or should MacBeth himself be held responsible? No doubt the witches and lady MacBeth influenced MacBeth in the course of action he took in his rise to power, but ultimately he must bear the major responsibility for his fate.    The witches played an undoubtedly large role in MacBeth, being the instigators of the entire plot. In act one scene three, the witches say: `all hail, MacBeth! Hail to thee, thane of cawdor! ... All hail, MacBeth, that shalt be king hereafter!' (Line 47-50) these prophecies throw into his mind the possibility of further advancement to the highest level of the nobility. If the witches had not told MacBeth of their prophesies, there is little chance he would have thought about them himself, and even less chance he would have murdered king Duncan.    In act three scene five, the witches are talking to hectate, the...

Dunkin’ Donuts Essay

In the competitive world of the coffee industry — and any industry for that matter — it’s crucial for companies to have a clear understanding of what they do best, and where they can be the best. Dunkin’ Donuts has defined its strategic heartbeat as the everyday, easy coffee stop that inspires rituals that revive. In other words, Dunkin’ Donuts provides food and drink that’s fast, fresh, and affordable — for busy people, leading busy lives. These days there is an incredible interest across the country in premium coffee. The average consumer is now demanding what Dunkin’ roducts — served fresher and faster than ever before. Dunkin’ Donuts is well positioned for the future. Taken together, Dunkin’ Donuts’ entrepreneurial business model, its culture, and the strength of its brands and menu offerings promise a strong future of successful growth. Dunkin’ Donuts is well known by generations and loved by a growing number of customers around the world. Dunkin’ Donuts is dedicated to providing delicious food and beverages to its customers and goes to great lengths to ensure only the finest ingredients are used in its recipes — including its espresso beverages. To that end, all Dunkin’ Donuts espresso beans are Fair Trade Certified. Dunkin’ Donuts was the first national brand to sell espresso beverages made exclusively with Fair Trade Certified coffee. Through Fair Trade, farmers and their families are earning a better income for their hard work, allowing them to hold onto their land, keep their children in school, and invest in the quality of their harvest. Using the most stringent standards in the coffee industry, Dunkin’ Donuts selects only the finest, high-quality beans to make its espresso blend. At the same time, Dunkin’ Donuts is working to aid the farmers who grow those beans. Small farmers in lesser-developed countries grow much of the world’s coffee. Without direct access to international markets or the business capacity necessary to compete in the global marketplace, the Fair Trade model allows farmers to receive a fair price for their coffee bean crop. The history of Dunkin’ Donuts circles back more than 55 years when Bill Rosenberg founded the company in 1950 and opened the first store in Quincy, Massachusetts. Back then, Bill had a simple philosophy: â€Å"Make and serve the freshest, most delicious coffee and donuts quickly and courteously in modern, well-merchandised stores. † That philosophy still holds true today and is the foundation that has enabled Dunkin’ Donuts to grow to be the largest coffee and baked goods chain in the world. Dunkin’ Donuts offers more than a dozen coffee beverages, donuts, bagels, muffins, breakfast sandwiches, and other baked goods. Currently, Dunkin’ Donuts has more than 7,200 shops in 34 countries worldwide. Dunkin’ Donuts has been serving highquality coffee for more than 55 years. Today, Dunkin’ Donuts is America’s largest retailer of coffee by the cup, serving nearly Donuts has been providing for over 50 years. Dunkin’ Donuts’ standards for coffee excellence are among the highest in the United States, which is no easy feat. Producing coffee takes more steps than producing wine, and Dunkin’ Donuts’ coffee experts travel around the globe to ensure quality at each step. Recently, Dunkin’ Donuts identified a new restaurant category called â€Å"Quick Quality. This represents a promise of fresh food fast and a higher evolution of the standard quick-service experience. Dunkin’ Donuts wanted to make a more meaningful promise to deliver on the value proposition consumers expect, and then some: a promise to offer fresh food, fast, and to offer more choices, served quickly, in a quality way. That means lots of innovative new 30 1 billion cups of brewed coffee each year. Using only 100 percent Arabica coffee beans, Dunkin’ Donuts offers a milder roast coffee that is milled specifically for the company and is recognized by the industry as a superior grade of coffee. In addition to serving â€Å"the best coffee in Americaâ„ ¢,† Dunkin’ Donuts is expanding its menu to include a wider range of snacks and onthe-go, delicious, quality products that will appeal to an increasingly busy consumer market. This platform will feature products that move beyond the breakfast hour in an effort to keep timestrapped people fueled and ready to face the challenges of the day — morning, noon, and night. Most recently, Dunkin’ Donuts introduced Smoothies to its popular beverage and snack menu. Made from yogurt and real fruit, Dunkin’ Donuts Smoothies are available in juicy Wildberry, luscious Mango Passion Fruit, smooth Strawberry Banana, and exotic Tropical Fruit, and are an excellent source of Vitamin C and calcium. To secure and sustain Dunkin’ Donuts’ leadership position as America’s largest retailer of coffee-bythe-cup, the company has begun an aggressive national expansion plan that will ultimately triple Dunkin’ Donuts to 15,000 stores throughout the country by 2020. Initial cities targeted for Dunkin’ Donuts’ national expansion include Atlanta, Nashville, Indianapolis, Dallas, Austin, Phoenix, and Las Vegas. In 2005, Dunkin’ Donuts unveiled a new prototype restaurant. The design, reminiscent of company roots that date over 55 years, is coupled with contemporary features to give Dunkin’ Donuts a new, modernized appearance. The new restaurant prototype features advanced equipment to meet the demands of today’s busy customers seeking fast, fresh, affordable, highquality food and beverage choices quicker and better than ever before, resulting in an improved overall in-store and drive-thru experience. A new, innovative menu that moves Dunkin’ Donuts beyond breakfast complements the store design. The new menu is part of Dunkin’ Brands’ efforts to raise the bar on the quality and variety of foods available at Dunkin’ Donuts and to change expectations about what is possible in a quick-service meal, whether in their restaurant or on the go. Perhaps the most famous of Dunkin’ Donuts advertising came in the form of the character â€Å"Fred the Baker. Throughout the 1980s â€Å"Fred the Baker† was synonymous with Dunkin’ Donuts. The advertising campaign — one of the most beloved ad campaigns in recent history — featured Michael Vale as Fred — Dunkin Donuts’ devoted, sleepy-eyed doughnut maker who woke up each morning with the mantra, â€Å"Time to make the donuts. † Fred became a character that struck a chord with most Americans; he was a hard-working man dedicated to his job regardless of the time or th e weather. Fred the Baker was featured for 15 years until he retired in 1997. In 2006, Dunkin’ Donuts unveiled a new advertising campaign that revolutionizes the brand’s position by focusing on how Dunkin’ Donuts keeps busy Americans fueled and on the go. The campaign is a fun and often quirky celebration of life, showing Americans embracing their work, their play, and everything in between — accompanied every step of the way by Dunkin’ Donuts. The launch of â€Å"America Runs on Dunkin’† marked the most significant repositioning effort in the company’s 55-year history. The campaign comes to life through a set of interactive icons that represent the campaign tagline, â€Å"America Runs on Dunkin’. † The icons help to drive the concept that Dunkin’ Donuts’ freshly made coffee and baked goods energize Americans from all walks of life so they can keep the country running on their dedicated hard work and positive outlooks. Dunkin’ Donuts customers are passionate about their Dunkin’ Donuts experience, which for millions of customers is an everyday ritual. The company recently conducted a study where customers were asked to go without Dunkin’ Donuts coffee for one week. The results showed that people felt life was harder, that their day lacked order without Dunkin’ Donuts coffee, and that competitors couldn’t fill the social and emotional need they get from a daily visit to a Dunkin’ Donuts store. People who work for Dunkin’ Donuts have a passion for what they do. And that’s because three years ago Dunkin’ Donuts located the passion of the company — the strategic heartbeat — which is the thing that the company does best. For example, Dunkin’ Donuts defined the strategic heartbeat of the company as the everyday, easy coffee stop that, by serving the best-tasting coffee, inspires rituals that revive. Dunkin’ Donuts is the No. 1 retailer of hot and iced coffee in America, selling 2. 7 million cups a day, and nearly 1 billion cups a year. Dunkin’ Donuts is also the largest coffee and baked goods chain in the world and sells more donuts, coffee, bagels, and muffins than any other quick-service restaurant in America. On an average day, Dunkin’ Donuts sells more than 30 cups of freshly brewed coffee each second. r As part of the company’s commitment to offering consumers more choices without compromising quality, Dunkin’ Donuts has assembled a new culinary team, a lineup of skilled and honored chefs and are using their talent and experience to create new and innovative menu choices for customers. The Culinary Team’s mission is to provide Dunkin’ Donuts customers with the besttasting, most creative menu items that are fast, fresh, and affordable.

Tokhm

|mahbod moayeri | |PHONE:604-475-3849 †¢ CELL:778-387-4378 E-MAIL:[email  protected] COM ADRESS:#316 1180 LANSDOWNE DRIVE,COQUITLAM, BC V3E 1J7 | |OBJECTIVE | | |MY JOB OBJECTIVE IS TO BE A DOCTOR (BRAIN SURGEON). I WANT TO USE MY TEACHING SKILLS TO HELP OTHER MEDICAL STUDENTS LEARN. |SKILLS/QUALIFICATIONS | | | | | |I can solve math problems and apply the result to everyday | | |I know how to do research and use the library effectively | | |I can use instruments tools technology and formulas | | |Computer literate using MS Word, Internet & email with accurate keyboard skills | | |Organized with time management and multi-tasking skill | | |A positive thinker with the ability to understand everyone | |Education | | |2011 – present Gleneagle Secondary School 604-464-5793 ( Coquitlam, BC | | |Ms.Johal, Counselor | | |Advance Placement Calculus 12, Peer Tutoring 12, UBC Physics Olympics 2013 (Third Place in one events) Sixth place in overall , | | |Table tennis 20 12 (fourth Place), Table Tennis 2013 (Third Place) | | | | | |Math Club, Table Tennis Club at Gleneagle | | |Volunteer at Port MoodyRecreation centre, Member of tricities student, evergreen | | |2005 – 2008 Ali, Middle School phone number (Esfahan -Iran | | |Major highlights†¦ this is more a general reflection of the 3 years at middle school | |AWARDS, CERTIFICATES & OTHER RECOGNITION | | |Advance Placement Calculus 12, Peer Tutoring 12, UBC Physics Olympics 2013 (Third Place in one events) Sixth place in overall , | | |Table tennis 2012 (fourth Place), Table Tennis 2013 (Third Place) | |Languages | | |Communicate fluently at English and fluent in Farsi also Arabic. |Volunteer experience | | |Gleneagle Secondary School/ Glen Pavilion/ Port Moody Recreational Centre/Math Club | | |1195 Lansdowne drive, Coquitlam,BC (Gleneagle secondary) | | |1200 glen Pine Court, Coquitlam, BC (Glen Pavilion) | | |300 loco road, Port Moody( Port Moody Recreational Centre) | | |Mr . Ali Tootian(Gleneagle Secoondary)/Mr. Tootian(Glen Pavilion) /Ms. Sandra(President of Port Moody Ecological Society)/Kasra | | |Vahidi(President of math club)/Mr. Arvin Alaei/Ms.Sara khairkhah(I tutor these last 2 people) | | |(604) 464-5793 Mr. Tootian/Mr. Kasra Vahidi(604)475-4048/[email  protected] com(Ms. Sandra)/Mr. Arvin Alaei | | |(604)722-8636/ | |Extracurricular activities, hobbies & interests | | |Swimming, Table Tennis, Tennis, Soccer | |References | |

Kudzu essays

Kudzu essays Kudzu is a major threat to Michigan. In this report I will discuss many factors as to why kudzu is a threat, and what we as a state can do about it. The reason I chose this topic was that I have lived in the south for most of my life, and have seen the effects of Kudzu. This plant is very threatening to us agriculturally as well as economically, and we need to deal with this problem now, before it spreads up into the beautiful landscape of Michigan. Kudzu is a climbing, semi-woody, perennial vine in the legume family. It has deciduous leaves, with three broad leaflets that measure up to four inches across. Its individual flowers are a half inch long, purple, highly fragrant, and are born in large hanging clusters. Flowering occurs in late summer and is soon followed by the production of brown, hairy, flattened, seed pods, each of which contains three to ten hard seeds. It's roots are fleshy, with massive tap roots that are seven or more inches in diameter, six feet or more in length, and weighing as much as four hundred pounds! It is common throughout the southeastern United States and has been found as far north as New York. Kudzu grows well under a wide range of conditions and in most soil types. Preferred habitats for this vine are forest edges, abandoned fields, roadsides, and disturbed areas, where sunlight is abundant. Kudzu grows best where the winters are mild, summer temperatures are above eighty degrees F ahrenheit, and annual rainfall is forty inches or more. (Description, Internet). Kudzu was introduced to the United States in 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Countries were invited to build exhibits to celebrate the 100th birthday of our country. The Japanese government constructed a beautiful garden filled with plants from their country. Kudzu was in this garden, and many viewed it as a good plant for ornamental purposes, so American gar...

Racial Profiling and Police Brutality Against Hispanics

Racial Profiling and Police Brutality Against Hispanics Police brutality is hardly just a black issue, as  Hispanics all over the country increasingly face police abuse, racial profiling, and  hate crimes. Often this misconduct stems from  xenophobia and rising concerns about undocumented immigrants. Across the nation, police departments have made headlines for their mistreatment of Latinos. These cases have not only involved undocumented immigrants but also Hispanic Americans and permanent legal residents. In states as varied as Connecticut, California, and Arizona, Latinos have suffered at the hands of police in egregious manners. Latinos Targeted in Maricopa County Racial profiling. Unlawful detainment. Stalking. These are some of the inappropriate and illegal behaviors that officers in Arizona have allegedly engaged in, according to a 2012 complaint the U.S. Justice Department filed against the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office. MCSO deputies  stopped Latino drivers anywhere from four to nine times more than other drivers, in some cases  only to detain them for long periods. In one instance, deputies pulled over a car with four Latino men inside. The driver hadn’t violated any traffic laws, but the officers proceeded to force him and his passengers out of the car and make them wait on the curb, zip-tied, for an hour. The Justice Department also detailed incidents where the authorities  followed Hispanic women to their homes and roughed them up. The federal government alleges that Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio routinely failed to investigate cases of sexual assault against Hispanic women. The aforementioned cases refer to police interaction with Latinos on the streets of Maricopa County, but inmates in the county jail have also suffered at the hands of law enforcement. Female prisoners have been denied feminine hygiene products  and called derogatory names. Hispanic male inmates have been on the receiving end of racial slurs and put-downs such as â€Å"wetbacks† and â€Å"stupid Mexicans.† Border Patrol Killings It’s not just local law enforcement agencies that have been accused of racially profiling Latinos and committing acts of police brutality against them, it’s also the U.S. Border Patrol. In April 2012, Latino advocacy group Presente.org launched a petition to raise awareness about the Border Patrol’s fatal beating of Anastasio Hernndez-Rojas, which took place two years earlier. The group launched the petition after a video of the beating surfaced in hopes of pressuring  the Justice Department to take action against the officers involved. â€Å"If justice isn’t served for Anastasio, even when the video clearly shows injustice, Border Patrol agents will continue their pattern of abuse and lethal force,† the Presente team said in a statement. Between 2010 to 2012, Border Patrol agents were involved in seven killings, according to the civil rights group. LAPD Officer Found Guilty of Profiling Hispanics In an unprecedented move in March 2012, the Los Angeles Police Department determined that one of its officers had engaged in racial profiling. Which group did the officer in question target? Latinos, according to the LAPD. Patrick Smith, a white officer on the job for 15 years, pulled over a disproportionate amount of Latinos during traffic stops, the Los Angeles Times reported. He allegedly tried to conceal the fact that he’d so often targeted Hispanic drivers by misidentifying them as white on paperwork. Smith may be the first LAPD officer found guilty of racial profiling, but he’s unlikely the only one engaging in the practice. â€Å"A 2008 study of LAPD data by a Yale researcher found blacks and Latinos were subjected to stops, frisks, searches, and arrests at significantly higher rates than whites, regardless of whether they lived in high-crime neighborhoods,† the Times noted. Moreover, 250 allegations of racial profiling are made against officers annually. East Haven Police Under Fire News broke in January 2012 that federal investigators had charged police in East Haven, Conn., with obstruction of justice, excessive force, conspiracy and other crimes concerning their treatment of Latinos in the city. According to the New York Times, East Haven police officers, â€Å"stopped and detained people, particularly immigrants, without reason...sometimes slapping, hitting or kicking them when they were handcuffed, and once smashing a mans head into a wall.† They tried to cover up their behavior by targeting bystanders who witnessed and tried to document their illegal acts. They also allegedly tried to recover surveillance tapes from area businesses that captured their abuses on video.

Human communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human communication - Essay Example According to Saussure, a signifier is a label attached to an object under discussion, and the signified is the object or mental concept of the object. The two units form the sign, but no absolute rules connecting the signifier and signified exist. This creates an arbitrary relationship with the physical impression often contradicting the mental concept (Signs 2007). Toyota has applied this concept to the extreme with an advertisement that shows an idyllic country scene with a lush green landscape. The focus, however, is on one tree, entwined with almost naked human bodies ( Zero 2007). In this very visual ad, denoting, according to the accompanying text (which is so tiny, it is difficult to read), the need for balance between man and nature, the signifier, or label, is the title of the adZero Emissionsè ¬ ¡hich has no real connection to the pictorial aspect of the ad. Charles S. Peirce was a theorist of logic, language, communication and the general theory of signs. He expanded Saussures theories of signifier and signified, adding more theories to the communication process (Burch 2007). The scene in Toyotas ad follows Peirces concept of Icon, Index and Symbol. The object is zero emissions depicting its message of mans concern for nature, and the tree of life is an icon showing the connection and thereby creating the index. The symbol, however, is the arbitrary connection, the word TOYOTA printed in red . The word Toyota calls forth a picture of a car, which represents damage to the environment through harmful emissions. Toyota, however, in the text for the ad, promises zero emissions as a future goal. By combining visual and verbal, the company manages to create a positive image for its customers from an arbitrary connection, with a hybrid automobile representing the present global emphasis on green. The scantily clad men and women in the ad brin g to mind the Garden of Eden and this creates a mental image of

Maritime Logistics Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Maritime Logistics Assignment 1 - Essay Example For efficient working of several global systems, there must be a system, which facilitates the movement of the goods and the related products. Maritime logistics is the system that is used to facilitate the movement of goods and related products from place to the other. Maritime logistics is mainly concerned with the movement of goods and services from one location to the other mainly via the sea. Maritime logistics can be simply defined as a detailed coordination of maritime activities with relation to people, facilities, and supplies (Mangan, Lalwani and Butcher, 2008, p. 8) Maritime logistics is used to facilitate the movement of raw materials and finished products between the producer, manufacturer, supplier, and consumer. There are various types of cargo transported using the maritime logistics. Types of cargo transported by the maritime logistics companies include: Containerized cargo: This refers to the cargo that is transported in containers that are standardized. This type o f cargo is very easy to handle as various types of equipment have been specifically designed to handle the containerized cargo. Project cargo: This refers to machinery and equipment that is exported or imported by a certain party for performance of a specific purpose. This type of cargo is difficult to handle as cargo size, shape and weight usually vary, hence making it difficult for the equipment to handle them without causing damage. Automobiles: This refers to the vehicles and similar equipment. Break bulk cargo: This refers to goods that are transported in bulk without being containerized. The main types of goods transported in this method are mineral and ores. Among the most important aspects of maritime logistics are the cost of provision of services, speed in which the products will ultimately reach the intended person, and the quality of services that the company provides. A company that is able to effectively utilize the above aspects usually has a competitive edge over the other companies. Navex maritime Navex maritime is a maritime logistics company based in Antwerp, Belgium. The company was formed in 1993 after the merger of the commercial activities of Navex N.V and Van Meerbeek & Company. Both companies had been in existence for a long time, with Navex N.V having been formed in 1919 and Van Meerbeek & Co. having been formed in 1946 (Navex maritime logistics company website 2011). In 2005, the company ventured into the global forwarding business. Navex logistics is mainly involved in the maritime trade as a sales agent to the ship owners, provision of third party logistic and in the forwarding of freight. The company mainly specializes in oil and gas industry and mainly handles break bulk cargo (Navex maritime logistics, company website 2011). The company’s strategic location in Antwerp, the second largest port in Europe - after Rotterdam – enables it to benefit from the volume of trade and cargo, which passes through the port to oth er parts of Europe. Antwerp is also among the 10 largest ports in the world. Main competitors Navex maritime faces stiff competition from the other large maritime logistics companies that have their operations in all the regions of the world including Belgium. These companies include Mediterranean shipping company, the largest maritime logistics company, A.P-Mollar Maersk group, Evergreen, P&O and MOL. Due to the fact that maritime trade is global, these large companies control a sizeable proportion of the

Why Most People Oppress Others because of Their Different Ethnicity, Essay

Why Most People Oppress Others because of Their Different Ethnicity, Race or Gender - Essay Example A theorist and feminist writer; Gloria Anzaldua’s works were of vital significance for the last two decades. Her work should be noted that it is now anthologized systematically in different compositions that reach different audiences on an annual basis. Her theory of Mestiza and borderland identifies the fuller theory of a culture which is different and broadly deployed in most disciplines and lecture halls. In most lecture halls across the state, most students read the chapters and excerpts from her Borderland text. Anzaldua’s work serves in a primarily essayist fashion. She explicitly shows that an individual’s act of writing assists the person in identifying and expressing his or her identity complexities. Anzaldua described her strong belief in the need for individuals to form coalitions in their different groups. My choice of Gloria Anzaldua’s literary works in her anthology of essays and poetry; Making Face, Making Soul: Haciendo Caras include: Borde rlands/La Frontera, La conciencia de la Mestiza, The Homeland, Aztlan/El Otro Mexico, How to Tame a Wild Tongue and This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color. They are all arranged in order of significance. The first three literary works are some of Anzaldua’s best works and stand out from the other two. Anzaldua understood that individuals have diverse ideas and identity and that inter-sectionalism often creates conflicts between different people (Garci?a, 2006). Thesis Statement: Anzaldua understood and recognized the different ways that people use to oppress others, and the constituents that were overlapping their identity. Literary Works: Borderlands/La Frontera: One of Anzaldua’s outstanding works was Borderlands/La Frontera, which was published in the year 1987. Borderlands traces back to the personal and historical journey of people who are on the border between the United States and Mexico. Additionally, it talks about the political, spirit ual and the European socioeconomic impact that they have on conquering the indigenous and marginalized people on the borderland. All the contributors in Anzaldua’s works got affected by Anzaldua’s willingness to face her personal risks. Through Anzaldua’s acts and words, people learn to take risks on their own. These are the risks that form blurred boundaries and the identities challenge people’s ways of thinking (Anzaldua, 1987). By use of her words, she invites critics to engage with her theories and how they impacted on her life and work. In bridging, the contributors explore and discuss on Anzaldua’s spiritual and intellectual contributions of how new bridges are created through the community and diverse disciplines. The contributors and Anzaldua represented numerous generations of diverse ages of the twenties to seventies. This connection among many people could be seen in Anzaldua herself. Anzaldua’s words have touched most of the cont ributors separately.  

Working Hours of Construction Employees in Hong Kong

Working Hours of Construction Employees in Hong Kong This study examines whether the local construction workers satisfied with the length of their working hours and whether there is necessary for the Government to constrain the working hours of the labours by imposing regulations or similar control measures. For your background of this study, this chapter outlined (1) background of this study; (2) the aim and objectives of this study; (3) methodology adopted and (4) overview of the study scope. Background Construction industry significantly contributes to Hong Kongs economic. The long working hours as the negative impression of the construction industry causes aging problems and lack of fresh blood in the industry. According to the Working Time Directive from Europe (Directive, 2003), weekly working hours of at least 48 hours or more should be regarded as long. Therefore, more than 48 hours could be regarded as long working hours which makes consistency among studies. Alongside with that there are voices that the workers in Hong Kong are currently required to work excessively long hours some suggested that the average workers have to work for a range of 60 to 70 hours per week. This is long if it is compared to the average working hours of labour in the U.S., the European countries, Japan or other developed countries. The nature of Hong Kong construction industry is using long working hours to cope with the tight construction schedules. Normally, the workers in the mentioned regions generally work less than 44 hours per week (OECD, 2004). In Hong Kong, the employers of the contractors are complaining that they currently suffer from labour shortage and problem of an aging labour force. Therefore, there are two significances of this study. First, the reduction in the length of the working hours shall help to make building construction a more attractive industry for young men and women and shortage and aging problems. The youth may be encouraged to join the building construction industry. Second, people may suffer from fatigue after repeatedly working for long hours, such fatigues may lead to personal and/or family problems, occupational diseases and safety hazards. Thus, the situation on labours working hours must be revealed and studied. Research Aim and Objectives This research aims investigate of there is a need for the Government to constrain the working hours of the local construction workers to a designated limit by imposing regulations or similar control measures. The study covers understandings of the weekly length of working hour of the labour and their satisfaction of the length. And it also investigates the reasons of the longer working hours compared to the counterparts in the other advanced countries, examines if there are alternative ways to implement building construction works without the need of the workers to work for more than 44 hours per week. It is expected that this study can make contributions to reveal these mentions if actions shall be taken by the legislators to control the maximum working hours of labour serving the building construction industry. The objectives of this study are as followed: To identify the situation of working hours faced by the local workers. To examine the possible impacts due to excessively long working hours of the workers in the building construction industry. To identify the concept of work life balance. To examine the leading international practice on controlling the maximum number of working hours of individual workers per week. To conduct a questionnaire survey to the workers in the building construction industry for the situation. To conduct interviews with site agents or project managers of the building general contractors for the situation. To conduct interviews with the leaders of the local labour unions for any improvements. To discuss the issues identified and make conclusions and necessary recommendations (for further studies). 1.4 Methodology The objectives of this study can be achieved through the following methods: Literature review on books, journals and websites were carried out to summarize exiting knowledge on related topics. Data collection was carried out by conducting a questionnaire survey to front-line workers in the industry. Data collection was carried out by interviewing project managers and leaders of the local labour unions in the industry. Data analysis was conducted by using SPSS16.0 for window. The reliability assessments, descriptive analysis, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted. 1.5 Scope of Study In order to achieve the objectives, this study is divided in the following main chapters: Chapter 1 Give a brief introduction of the backgrounds, aim and objectives, methodology and scope of this study. Chapter 2 Give an overview of construction industry in Hong Kong; Investigate the impacts of long working hours; Investigate the concept of work life balance; and Elaborate the concept of work life balance Chapter 3 Describe methodology adopted for this study. Chapter 4 Conduct analysis on the collected data by using statistics techniques; Discuss on the findings of study. Chapter 5 Give conclusions and recommendations; Give limitations of this study; Provide suggestions for further research. CHAPTER 2:  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of Construction Industry In Hong Kong, the construction industry plays an important role in the economy of Hong Kong. The Government announced in the 2011-2012 Budget that HK$58 billion would be spent on infrastructures, which is nearly HK$10 billion more than within 2010-2011. According to the Quarterly Report of Employment and Vacancies at Construction Sites, was published by the Census and Statistics Department, the industrys employees were accounted for 56,502 of the labour force in 2010. Also, the Government plans to invest continuously in infrastructure to promote growth, that the estimated capital works expenditure will exceed HK$60 billion for each of the next few years. In additional 600 thousands square meters land for commercial or business use will be available to enhance the self competitiveness among advanced countries. The Government expects there are 60,000 additional job vacancies will be created in this year. 2.1.1 Long Working Hours The long working hours should be divided by genders, for the male employees, long hours should be regarded as over 60 hours per week; for the female employees, it should be regarded as over 40 hours per week (Dex et al., 1995). In these recent years, Messenger (2004) had compared the working hours of employees in various countries, and found that the advanced countries like Japan, in which a high proportion of employees have to work 50 or more hours per week. According to the Working Time Directive (Directive, 2003), 48 hours per week was defined as long hours and which was used as the indicator in this study. As stated in The State of Work-Life Balance in Hong Kong 2010 survey conducted by Community Business, 48.7 hours was the average working hours to the employees in different industries. The Government announced in the 2010 Report on Annual Earnings and Hours Survey that there are more than 60% of employees in construction industry have to work more than 48 hours per week, and also the median weekly working hours increased 1.6% from 2009 to 2010. As stated in the overseas literatures review, the ideal length of working hours should be about 7 to 9 hours per day or 48 to 50 hours a week. 2.1.2 Factors for Long Working Hours The study (New Zealand Census, 2006) found that requirements of jobs, income, the culture of workplaces, and the job satisfactions provided motivate people work longer time. First, the requirements of the job include completion of the tasks appointed, even high workload and respond to the clients demands; Second, the need for more income should be driven by both maintaining basic needs of life and consuming luxury goods; Third, the culture of the construction site should be always under tight schedule, no matter due to inappropriate management or unexpected weather or accidents; Forth, the satisfaction of the workers should be intangible rewards of works (Lindy, 2009; Raphael and Itzhak, 2006; Weston et al. 2002). As the construction industry in Hong Kong is very competitive in the previous years, the number of projects is not enough for the workers due to the economic recession. Since the construction period of each contract is limited, contractors would like to compress the period of construction as possible for their own profit. Therefore, the workers have to complete their works as soon as possible to prevent delay of schedule and shorten the construction period by days. Otherwise, workers may not able to get further job opportunities. 2.2 Impacts for excessively long working hours There are many researches focus on the relationships between long working hours and fatigue, which could be associated with physical and psychological health of human. For this characteristic, Dex et al. (1995) believed that it brought both positive and negative impacts. At the positive side, the long hour working man could be regarded as a responsible, hardworking and motivated person to his/ her work, family and society. He/ she could earn more income to the family and be served as a role model. At the negative side, fatigue and stress come along with the deprivation of rest. Those feelings are not good for individual social network and family, and may damage to physical and mental health. Insufficient rest could also damage performance and cause safety problems, most accidents were due to unconsciousness (Lindy, 2009; Johanna and Joanne, 2003; Fox and Dwyer, 1999). 2.2.1 Fatigue Fatigue is not easy to be defined, which could be acute and cumulative. Konz (1998) believed that long daily work hours and long weekly work hours would make people being fatigue, especially if there is a lack of rest. Those effects of fatigue should be divided into direct and indirect outcomes, while the indirect outcome is in term of performance of work or health problems. His approach was to avoid overtime of work, that the working hour over 12 hours per day and 55 hours per week should be regarded as overtime. For the mechanisms which contributed to fatigue, Rogers et al. (1999) pointed that age, health status, quality and quantity of sleep, length of working hours, work experience, work motivation and home or family life should be used for measuring degree of fatigue. In the Asian countries liked as Japan and South Korea, researches showed that workers complained of physical and mental fatigue after excessively long working hours, such fatigue could not be escaped and be kept into the next day. The chronic fatigue brought harmful to cardiac health and decreases the cardiovascular functions (Park et al., 2001; Shimonitsu and Levi, 1992). There are evidences that the degree of fatigue is in positive relationship with the length of working time and negative relationship with the length of recovery time. 2.2.2 Physical Health A Japanese term Karoshi means people die from a syndrome of cardiovascular attacks liked strokes, myocardial infarction or acute cardiac failure after excessively overwork (Spurgeon et al., 1997). For a more biological explanation, Liu et al. (2002) conducted a research to investigate the relationship between heart diseases and length of working hours by comparing the workers who have to work more than 61 hours per week and who have to work less than 40 hours per week. The study reflected that overtime work increases blood pressure and heart rate, which induces cardiac symptoms such as chest pain. Presence of abnormal heart rate and blood pressure increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction (abbr.: AMI). Also, insufficient rest increases the rate of AMI; the risk of AMI should be induced by the combination of working hours and the quantity and quality of sleep. Besides heart diseases, Yasuda et al. (2001) pointed out that long hours working may damage the self immunity, chronic headache and irritable bowel problems might be induced by working overtime (CIPD ,2001). 2.2.3 Psychological Health In Hong Kong, the number of construction site workers in September 2010 was in total 56,503 people, in which published by the Census and Statistics Department, the ratio of male and female was approximately 12:1. The female site workers are minority in the construction industry. Shields (2000) noted that women who used to work longer hours are more likely to develop depression compared to their colleagues working normal hours. Depression could be a measure in considering stress, which the term Stress is difficult to be defined. Spark et al. (1997) concluded that there were outcome measures when defining stress. The outcome measures should include depression, anxiety, frustration, mood symptoms, poor sleep quality, role strain, irritability/ tension, problems with relationships and general mental stress amongst other things. All these diverse indicators are used to define stress in different bases. There is a small but significant correlation between psychological health symptoms and length of working hours, it should be contrast relationship. However, it was not easy to provide evidences to access the actual association with long working hours and poor mental health outcomes (Kodz et al., 2001). 2.2.4 Performance Most of the available evidences support that poor performance is related to longer working hours, but the relationship should be complicated and not conclusive. By measuring the performance effects, productivity outcomes and, speed and accuracy tests are the direct and indirect measurements respectively. A report showed that the productivity reduced for 2-4% whiles the length of working time increased by 10% (Shepard and Clifton, 2000). By conducting survey with management level, Worrall and Cooper (1999) showed that 68% of managers felt that there was an adverse effect on their productivity after working for long period of time. Kodz et al. (2001) pointed out a poll result that 62% of the managers believed that shorter working hours gives workers more incentive in production. Fatigue induced by long working hours could be regarded as a stressor, and excessive stressors will lead to decrease the performance of workers, suggested by Proctor et al. (1996). However, an appropriate level of stressors will increase arousal and enhance performance. Some researches tried to find the relationship between work performance and the weekly working days and the daily working hours, those researches had tested the employees by adjusting the different combination of working time. Shepard and Clifton (2000) noted that the length of workweek possibly affects the productivity through effects on individual motivation, effort and satisfaction, physical well-being, stress and fatigue, and absenteeism. The result showed that there are many variables in considering the correlation of working hours and performance. 2.2.5 Safety and Accident People after working for long hours would like to lose their attention and would to take risks, work-related accidents might then happen. Fatigue due to long working hours might cause man-made disasters. Wellens (2001) noted that Chernobyl or the Exxon Valdez oil spill were contributed by such fatigue. Besides the fatigue, losing attention while working might bring harms to the workers in certain working environments which are exposure to toxic chemical or hazards. Ong et al. (1982) said that the prevalence of hand injuries should be related to lack of training, supervision, inexperience and time of day. The time of day when is most likely to have accidents should be around the 8th to  ­9th hour at work (Hanecke et al., 1998). The Labour Department announced the number of accidents of the construction industry was 7.1% among the major economic activities, which about 2,755 accidents within 2009-2010. According to the statistics published by Labour Department, the top five types of accidents were (1) Injured whilst lifting or carrying, (2) Slip, trip or fall on same level, (3) Striking against or struck by moving object, (4) Striking against fixed or stationary object and (5) Contact with moving machinery or object being machined. The above types of accidents should be man-made, which could be prevented or avoided by great attention, good supervision and training. There are clearly showed that long working hours could be related to safety and accidents in particular working environments. 2.3 Work-life Balance Work-life balance (abbr.: WLB) has been being concerned in Hong Kong few years ago. As began at 2004, The University of Hong Kong (HKU) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Asia carried out a survey on the topic of work-life balance among the local employees, which was a questionnaire based survey. In that research, there were some benchmarks related to the situation in Hong Kong, they were length of working hours, general reasons for working overtime, effects on health, availability of sick leaves and annual leaves, and loyalty to company of the employees. In 2006, Community Business started to conducted a similar survey called The State of Work-Life Balance in Hong Kong, which published annually. The local situation about WLB is reviewed by this survey per year. And the objectives of the surveys are different by each year, the newest report published in 2010 studying the role of flexible work arrangements in improving the WLB of employees and reviewing the previous results since 2006. 2.3.1 Definition Until present, the concept of work-life balance is not well defined, but all the definitions are related to the work hours. If the hours of day are not measured, the concept of work- life balance should be intangible. The different combination of working hours and non-working hours in a day could provide a clear picture on the balance. Some people say WLB concerns flexibility of schedules, while the others say it is a reduction in working hours (Kodz et al., 2001; Dow-Clarke, 2000; Major et al., 2001; Fox and Dwyer, 1999; Wallace, 1999; ODriscoll et al., 1992). Also, the term of work-life balance is not the one used to describe the same issues around the world. Different researchers gave different terms to the issue in their own studies. For example, ODriscoll et al. (1992) preferred the term inter-role conflict to describe the conflicts within an individuals roles; work-family conflict brought up by Major et al. (2001) and Fox and Dwyer (1999); work-to-nonwork conflict proposed by W allace (1999). Dow-Clarke (2002) defined WLB with respect to family life, income and the life cycle of her selected employees. The work hours in WLB represent as short as achieving or maintaining individuals desired balance between work and family life. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in UK have made some practices of WLB in 2001, which are flexi-time, staggered hours, time off in lieu, compressed working weeks, shift swapping, self-rostering, working from home and etc. However, most of the practices are not practical to the workers in construction industry, especially in this study. Flexible working hours have been proposed in Hong Kong for several years, but it is not very popular; the practice has been only supported by large business companies and the Government. To narrow down the literatures review of WLB, the effects of working long hours on WLB would be focused. 2.3.2 Effects of long working hours on Work-Life Balance There are so many long hours standards in the various researches, some interviewed the employees working for 42 hours per week and some recorded the employees working more than 50 hours per week (Galambos and Walters, 1992; Wallace, 1999). It is not easy to compare the effects on long works. This review would aim to the effects on WLB only. As it is hard to measure the impacts of work on home, Kodz et al. (2001) concluded that most of the researches took off attitudinal survey or case study approaches. The survey released by DTI and Management Today in 2002, showing that the UK employees would prefer shorter working hours rather than winning the lottery and most of the workers admitted the low accessibility of any flexible working practices. For the effects on family life, there are three associations due to working long hours, (1) Disruption to family activities, (2) Dissatisfaction with the involvement and the amount of time spent in child care, and (3) Dissatisfaction with the amount of time spent with couples (La Valle et al., 2002). For the effects on personal life, they are relevant to depression and anxiety, stress, work life and role strain (Dow-Clarke, 2000; Galambos and Walters, 1992). In addition, Wallace (1999) concluded that the work life of individuals was the invader to the family life. 2.3.3 Influence of Work-Life Balance Besides the negative effects of working long hours on WLB, there are some practices like compressed workweek schedule and flexi-time schedule would be positive for working performance, job satisfaction and satisfaction with work schedule (Baltes et al. 1999). As mentioned before, there are some practices for improving WLB, which are all related to the work hours. Flexible time schedule, staggered hours, compressed workweek, shift swapping, self-rostering, annual hours, job sharing, working from home, and etc (DTI, 2001). All of them are the mechanisms to enhance the employees attitudes to work. Invancevich (1974) carried out a work performance comparison between workers worked for compressed workweek and workers worked for normal schedule; and Baltes et al. (1999) evaluated the work performance of workers under flex-time and compressed workweek, both of the studies showed the positive outcomes in shorter workweek. The latter study reflected job satisfaction and satisfaction with work schedule too. Baltes et al. (1999) pointed that the positive effects of compressed workweek would not diminish over time, and there was no disruption to the productivity of absenteeism too. The State of Work-Life Balance in Hong Kong Survey (2010) showed the problems resulting from poor WLB, there were the responses from employees. About 60% of respondents felt fatigue level, sleepiness and extreme tiredness prolonged by the poor work-life balance. Third of them complained the loss of amount of time to spend with family. Over a quarter of employees believed that their work hours invaded to their social life and decreased their job productivity. The results should be approximately same as the Work Life Balance Survey of Hong Kong Working Population published by HKU in 2009. To make a conclusion, the poor work-life balance affects the time arrangement of the employees throughout a day, functions as a stressor to the workers and harms the health of the workers. 2.4 Hypotheses of Study Long working hours is recognized as an element in the local construction industry. The factors for long working hours of each individual are various, most of them could be classified as four dimensions, requirements of jobs, income, cultures of workplaces and work satisfaction provided (Lindy,2009; Raphael and Itzhak, 2006; Weston et al., 2002). Impacts due to long working hours have been discussed for many years, which could be personal, family and social related. At the positive side, the employee could be served as a hardworking, motivated person, who should be a role model in a family (Dex et al., 1995). At the negative side, the physical and psychological health, family life, social network and safety problems are being affected by the long working hours (Lindy, 2009; Johanna and Joanne, 2003; Fox and Dwyer, 1999). Work-life balance is an important concept in a living person, but it is just mentioned for years in Hong Kong. There are many practices used to improve the balance, to reduce the proportion of work hours within the whole life. Such as flexible time schedule, staggered hours, compressed workweek, shift swapping, self-rostering, annual hours, job sharing, working from home, and etc are the ways used over the world (DTI, 2001; Baltes et al., 1999; Invancevich, 1974). For the consequences due to unbalanced work-life, there are loss of the involvement in family activities and child care, the amount of time with couples and full of stress and anxiety (La Valle et al., 2002; Dow-Clarke, 2000; Wallace, 1999; Galambos and Walters, 1992). Hypothesis 1- As suggested by the previous literatures, long working hours really affect the employee by different dimensions (Fox and Dwyer, 1999; Galambos and Walters, 1992). The workers are driven to work for longer hours by their own motivations (Lindy, 2009; Raphael and Itzhak, 2006). Since the degree of satisfaction in working long hours is different by people, it hypothesizes that the attitudes towards motivations that can enhance workers satisfaction in long working hours. Hypothesis 2- As mentioned before, people with unbalanced work-life will diminish their time in participating activities other than works (La Valle et al., 2002; Wallace 1999; Baltes et al. 1999), and make the life not well developed and healthy. It hypothesizes that flexible work arrangement can help work-life balance in all aspects like personal life, family life and productivity of work. CHAPTER 3:  Methodology 3.1 Introduction In the previous chapter, the background of the work hour problems faced by the workers in the construction industry was reviewed. Besides, the problems induced by long working hours and influences of Work-Life Balance were introduced in the literature review. The objectives of this study are (1) to identify the drawbacks of working hours to the local workers; (2) to examine the possible impacts due to excessively long working hours of the workers in the building construction industry; (3) to identify the concept of work-life balance; (4) to examine the leading international practice on controlling the maximum number of working hours of individual workers per week. In order to achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire survey had been conducted to collect data from construction workers, and a questions set with cover letter for interviews was designed to collect opinions from the union leaders and project managers in building general contractor firms. This chapter outlines the design of questionnaires, questions design of the interviews, data collection method and method of analysis undertaken in the next chapter. 3.2 Questionnaire Design In order to achieve the research objectives, a 10 questions questionnaire was designed (see Appendix 1). Part I required the respondents to provide their basic information such as gender, age, experience in the construction industry and form of employment. Part II required the respondents to provide their normal daily working hours and weekly work days, overall working hours per week, normal daily rest time and evaluate the current length of working hours. Part III listed the possible reasons for overtime work arrangement from practical cases (see Table 3.1). The respondents were asked to tick the top five reasons faced and sort the chosen reasons with numbers (1=most common, 5=least common). Shortage of Labours There are not enough labours and too many works remained. Poor arrangement of materials and/ or equipments The arrangement of materials and/ or equipments is not satisfied to the construction processes on site. Poor site management Planning is not practical enough and/ or the schedules of work are not up-to-date or poor leadership of supervisor. Reworks needed There are construction mistakes due to unclear instructions, lack of supervisions, poor quality control, careless mistakes made by workers and/ or inappropriate installations. Equipments damaged Equipments are damaged and/ or mal-function under normal operations. Changes of design Temporary scheduling caused by changes of design, preparation and construction of work have to be revised. Period of Contract Period of contract is too short for normal construction process. Unexpected weather Construction processes could not be operated caused by poor or unexpected weather, and then there is a delay. Others There are reasons not mentioned but happen in practical construction site. 3.3 Data Collection The targeted respondents of the questionnaire are the front-line workers who work in construction site. Two pages questionnaire was sent to the contractor firms and distributed to the targeted respondents. And some of the collected questionnaires were interviewed by face-to-face. The targeted interviewees were the project managers or site agents who are working in building general contractor firms and the leaders of the local labour unions. The questions set was sent to the targeted interviewees, email reply and phone interviews were conducted. 3.4 Data Analysis Method In this research, the data analysis was carried out by SPSS 17.0 for windows, including Enjoyment à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ